中部地区生物质资源潜力与减排效应估算

能源是战略性资源,是一个国家经济增长和社会发展的重要物质基础。随着中部地区经济的不断增长,对能源的消费量也呈逐渐上升趋势。传统化石能源日益显示出供给和环境两方面的压力,而生物质能源的开发利用具有能源替代和减少二氧化碳排放的效应。中部地区生物质资源丰富,经估算结果如下：第一,2009年农作物秸秆、牲畜粪便和城市垃圾3种生物质资源沼气潜力达839733亿m2,折合标煤7 31475万t;第二,开发利用3种生物质资源可减少二氧化碳排放量53 880 59483 t。据此,提出建议：第一,重点开发利用秸秆、牲畜粪便等农村生物质资源;第二,为中部地区生物质资源转化为生物质能源产品进而实现减排效应创造支撑条件     

基于农户视角的政策性种植业保险调研报告——以湖南省566户调查数据为例

基于566户调研数据,对湖南省开展的政策性种植业保险做了深入分析,以期对农业保险的开展和相关政策实施提供有益的参考。调查结果显示:水稻和棉花保险保障程度有限,低于基本物化成本;对相关政策的不理解以及担心得不到赔偿是限制农户购买农业保险的主要原因;农户愿意支付的水稻与棉花的保险费率平均在2.6%～3.0%。建议加强农村基础设施建设,提高农业生产设防水平;结合农民需求和支付意愿,设计合理丰富的保险产品;增加农民收入,加强保险知识教育;加大农业保险宣传,保证基层政府和保险公司良好的公信度。     

Speciation of methylmercury in rice grown from a mercury mining area

Monomethylmercury (CH₃Hg⁺ and its complexes; MeHg hereafter) is a known developmental neurotoxin. Recent studies have shown that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain grown from mercury (Hg) mining areas may contain elevated MeHg concentrations, raising concerns over the health of local residents who consume rice on a daily basis. An analytical method employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following enzymatic hydrolysis was developed to analyze the speciation of MeHg in uncooked and cooked white rice grain grown from the vicinity of a Hg mine in China. The results revealed that the MeHg in the uncooked rice is present almost exclusively as CH₃Hg-l-cysteinate (CH₃HgCys), a complex that is thought to be responsible for the transfer of MeHg across the blood-brain and placental barriers. Although cooking does not change the total Hg or total MeHg concentration in rice, no CH₃HgCys is measurable after cooking, suggesting that most, if not all, of the CH₃HgCys is converted to other forms of MeHg, the identity and toxicity of which remain elusive.     

The critical levels and the maximum metal uptake for wheat and rice plants when applying metal oxides to soil

Abstract

Wheat is more sensitivity to CdO and ZnO compared with rice plant. The yield of wheat decreased by 30% in the presence of 30 ppm Cd, but that of rice plants by only 8%. The critical levels of meal uptake by wheat and rice plants for applying metal oxides to soil (CdO, ZnO, PbO) were determined. The highest concentration obtained for wheat grain was 141 μg/g Cd at the Cd 10,000 ppm in soil. This value is higher the value of 4.97 μg/g for unpolished rice and higher than any other we have seen in the reports for treatment with CdO. Also, as concentration of more than 1.0 μg/g Cd in wheat was obsertced at 5 ppm Cd, while similar concentrations for rice plants were observed at 30 ppm Cd in soil.     

Mitigation effects of silicon rich amendments on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted on multi-metal contaminated acidic soil

The mechanisms of stabilization by silicon-rich amendments of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead in a multi-metal contaminated acidic soil and the mitigation of metal accumulation in rice were investigated in this study. The results from a pot experiment indicated that the application of fly ash (20 and 40 g kg⁻¹) and steel slag (3 and 6 g kg⁻¹) increased soil pH from 4.0 to 5.0-6.4, decreased the phytoavailability of heavy metals by at least 60%, and further suppressed metal uptake by rice. Diffusion gradient in thin-film measurement showed the heavy metal diffusion fluxes from soil to solution decreased by greater than 84% after remediation. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the mobile metals were mainly deposited as their silicates, phosphates and hydroxides in amended treatments. Moreover, it was found metal translocation from stem to leaf was dramatically restrained by adding amendments, which might be due to the increase of silicon concentration and co-precipitation with heavy metals in stem. Finally, a field experiment showed the trace element concentrations in polished rice treated with amendments complied with the food safety standards of China. These results demonstrated fly ash and steel slag could be effective in mitigating heavy metal accumulation in rice grown on multi-metal contaminated acidic soils.     

Effect of external iron and arsenic species on chelant-enhanced iron bioavailability and arsenic uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of external iron status and arsenic species on chelant-enhanced iron bioavailability and arsenic uptake. Rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) were used as model plant, and were grown in artificially contaminated sandy soils irrigated with Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture solution. Arsenate uptake in roots and shoots of rice seedlings were affected significantly (p > 0.05) while dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) was not by the additional iron and chelating ligand treatments. Regardless of iron concentrations in the soil solution, HIDS increased arsenic uptake for roots more than EDTA and EDDS. Chelating ligands and arsenic species also influenced iron uptake in rice roots. Irrespective of arsenic species, HIDS was found to be more effective in the increase of iron bioavailability and uptake in rice roots compared to other chelants. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.78, p < 0.05) between arsenate and iron concentrations in the roots of rice seedlings grown with or without additional iron indicating that arsenate inhibit iron uptake. In contrast, there was no correlation between iron and DMAA uptake in roots. Poor correlation between iron and arsenic in shoots indicated that iron uptake in shoots was neither affected by additional iron nor by arsenic species. Compared to the control, chelating ligands increased iron uptake in shoots of rice seedlings significantly (p < 0.05). Regardless of additional iron and arsenic species, iron uptake in rice shoots did not differed among EDTA, EDDS, and HIDS treatments.     

Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated paddy soils with Pteris vittata markedly reduces arsenic uptake by rice

Arsenic (As) accumulation in food crops such as rice is of major concern. To investigate whether phytoremediation can reduce As uptake by rice, the As hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata was grown in five contaminated paddy soils in a pot experiment. Over a 9-month period P. vittata removed 3.5-11.4% of the total soil As, and decreased phosphate-extractable As and soil pore water As by 11-38% and 18-77%, respectively. Rice grown following P. vittata had significantly lower As concentrations in straw and grain, being 17-82% and 22-58% of those in the control, respectively. Phytoremediation also resulted in significant changes in As speciation in rice grain by greatly decreasing the concentration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). In two soils the concentration of inorganic As in rice grain was decreased by 50-58%. The results demonstrate an effective stripping of bioavailable As from contaminated paddy soils thus reducing As uptake by rice.     

化肥施用和秸秆还田对红壤磷吸附性能的影响研究

１６ 年长期定位试验结果表明： 在湘南第四纪红壤中, 长期施用化肥下土壤对 Ｈ２ Ｐ Ｏ－４ 的吸附量相对较大, 化肥＋ 秸秆还田下则较小; 不同 Ｈ２ Ｐ Ｏ－４ 吸附量范围内的解吸量和解吸率则均以化肥＋ 秸秆还田较高。     

中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟(Ⅱ)——模型的验证与净初级生产力估算

利用我国若干代表性区域6种主要作物(水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、大豆、油菜)生产力的田间试验及统计数据,对中国农业植被净初级生产力模型Crop鄄C进行了验证。结果表明,该模型能利用常规的气象和土壤资料、化肥氮施用量等较好地模拟我国6种作物主产区的净初级生产力,模拟值与观测值的相关系数(R2)为0.80(n=786)。将Crop鄄C模型与GIS空间数据库耦合,估计了1980-2000年中国农业植被净初级生产力。模拟结果表明,自1980年以来,中国农业植被净初级生产力呈增加趋势,从1980年的472.9TgC增加到2000年的607.2TgC,秦岭淮河以北的华北地区和西北部分地区增加最为明显。     

农作物秸秆燃烧PM2.5排放因子的研究

农作物秸秆燃烧是一类重要的生物质燃烧形式,已是大气细粒子的来源之一.建立了实验室模拟-稀释通道采样系统,并利用这一系统测定了浙江、四川、河南、河北、北京(主要粮食产区)五地的玉米、小麦和水稻秸秆燃烧过程中PM_2.5的排放因子.结果表明:实验室模拟明火燃烧的w(PM_2.5)为7.2～39.0 g/kg,与文献[5],[7]～[8]中野外燃烧结果相似,表明两者燃烧状态具有相似性;排放因子受秸秆燃烧状态影响显著,闷火燃烧为明火燃烧的2.4～11.5倍;同时,农作物种类不同PM_2.5排放因子也存在明显差别;而排放因子随秸秆生长地域变化比较小.