Association patterns of sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna): alternative hypotheses

Individuals may associate with each other due to a variety of selective forces, such as intra- and intersexual selection, and conspecific recognition. Previous studies have concluded that mate choice governs association behavior in polygynous species of fish. I examined whether mate choice underlies the preference for larger individuals by examining preference for association (time spent in proximity to a fish) not only between opposite-sex individuals but also between same-sex individuals of the live-bearing sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). Males and females from three size classes were tested with a large and a small object fish of the same and opposite sex. Females preferred to associate with larger over smaller males. Males also preferred to associate with larger over smaller females, as expected. The same female and male test fish also preferred to associate with larger over smaller fish of the same sex. Moreover, females demonstrated no significant difference in their strength of preference (large–small) when offered males or females. The same held true for males. When males and females were subsequently tested with one large male and one large female, females tended to prefer large males while males showed no significant preference for association based on sex. In another experiment, females were tested with a large female and a small male, and significantly preferred the former. These findings suggest that association patterns may have arisen under a variety of conditions, such as predation pressures, shoaling behavior, and associative preference behavior. The assumption that association behavior is a uniformly sufficient predictor of mate choice in fish needs to be re-examined for P. latipinna and other species. Received: 6 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 12 May 1999 / Accepted: 12 May 1999     

NZ-1型数字管道风速仪及其现场试验

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以太原二电厂粉煤灰浸出试验为例,对火电厂粉煤灰长期堆放造成水环境污染的规律进行研究.试验结果表明：粉煤灰水中的酸碱性受灰中 SO3与碱性金属氧化物含量的影响;粉煤灰浸出液 pH值越低,越利于粉煤灰中微量元素的浸出;同时粉煤灰的粒径越小,各元素的浸出浓度较高.     

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低压配电线路剩余电流断路器动作判据的研究

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