水温对平流式二沉池运行影响的数值模拟

借助改进的RNG κ-ε两方程湍流模型和简化的多相流混合模型,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent模拟某污水处理厂平流式二沉池在不同水温下的运行效果.通过对比Johnson对水库水温变化的实测数据验证了模型和模拟方法的可靠性.对平流式二沉池的模拟结果表明:不同水温条件下池内水流速度存在相似的分布,在池的下部和上部各存在一个回流区;池内水温降低会造成上部回流区域减小、出水固体颗粒质量浓度增大,从而导致二沉池的颗粒去除率降低;采取增大颗粒粒径、密度和在沉淀池出水口前加设挡板的措施均能有效降低出水固体颗粒质量浓度.     

I-Risk: development of an integrated technical and management risk methodology for chemical installations

This paper presents an integrated quantitative risk assessment method for hazardous installations, taking into account management as well as technical design and producing risk level measures. The key components of the I-Risk methodology are the technical model, the management model and their interface. The technical model consists of developing a master logic diagram (MLD) delineating the major immediate causes of loss of containment (LOC) and associated quantitative models for assessing their frequency. The management model consists of the tasks, which must be carried out systematically in the primary business functions (such as operations, emergency operations, maintenance and modifications). A management audit quantifies the quality of these management tasks. The management–technical interface modifies certain parameters of the technical model on the basis of the quality of the safety management system of the specific installation. The methodology is exemplified through its application to the risk assessment of an ammonia storage facility. A detailed technical model simulating the response of the system to various initiating events is developed along with a detailed management model simulating the influence of the plant-specific management and organisational practices. The overall effect is quantified through the frequency of release of ammonia as a result of a loss of containment in a storage tank and in a pipeline.     

防火防爆用网状金属材料

网状金属材料具有优异的防火防爆性能,良好的机械性能以及缓和燃油冲击等性能。分析了网状金属材料的防火防爆机理,介绍了其应用情况。     

油品运输罐车呼吸阀阻火器设计与应用

针对油品运输罐车呼吸阀难以防火、防爆的安全隐患 ,设计安装油品运输罐车呼吸阀阻火器 ,提高了油品罐车的防火、防爆性能     

气柜施工危险分析及安全对策

茂名炼油厂在新陈2#气柜的施工建设中,对施工危险性进行详细分析,提出了安全对策,采用3#气柜不停产的情况下进行,确保了施工安全.     

浮顶储罐弹簧式机械密封装置雷击危险性分析

针对大型浮顶储罐经常采用的弹性机械密封装置进行雷击危险性的理论分析和实验验证,明确此类弹性机械密封在雷击发生时存在的安全隐患,提出了建议措施,为大型浮顶储罐防雷击安全运行提供指导意义。     

火灾环境中油罐罐壁冷却优化部署研究

对油罐火灾中着火罐罐壁和邻近罐罐壁的温度分布进行了科学分析,并进行了罐壁冷却实验研究,研究不同油罐罐壁材质对冷却效果的的影响,以及有热源作用和无热源作用罐壁在不同流量冷却水作用下的温度变化规律。结果表明,不同罐壁材质对冷却效果的影响不大,在实际火灾中可忽略罐壁材质的影响;流量越大,冷却速度越快,但达到火灾冷却要求时,不同大小流量冷却水的冷却效果差异并是很大,合适的供水强度是油罐高效冷却的前提。对油罐火灾冷却力量的部署提出了优化原则,为防灭火工作提供了一定的科学依据。     

蒙德法在火电厂液氨储罐评价单元的应用

火电厂液氨储罐单元存在大量高纯度的液氨,一旦发生火灾、爆炸,后果极其严重。为了研究液氨储罐的火灾爆炸危险性及毒性,在对火电厂液氨储罐危险性辨识的基础上,依据液氨储罐单元的主要参数,运用蒙德法分别确定评价中需要的各种危险性系数,从而进行各项指标计算,查询危险性等级表,将各项指标进行等级划分,结论表明各项危险等级都很高。在得出结论基础上,进行安全措施补偿评价,补偿后的各种危险等级均降低,可见采取补偿措施后能够一定程度的降低火灾、爆炸、毒性的危险性,防止事故的发生。     

浮顶储罐导电片间隙放电危险性研究

储罐在实际运行中,受浮盘的上下移动、机械应力、老化、油污、金属腐蚀等因素的影响,很难确保导电片与罐壁紧密贴合,容易形成微小间隙,在这种情况下遭受雷击易产生间隙放电,出现打火现象.为了分析导电片与储罐罐壁导电片产生间隙放电的危险性,根据Townsend气体放电理论计算了导电片和储罐罐壁间的击穿电压,采用1.2/50μs冲击电压波开展了导电片间隙放电实验,分析了导电片击穿电压与空气间隙距离的关系.结果证明:当导电片和罐壁贴合不良时,导电片和罐壁之间极易产生火花放电;当空气间隙d=0.1cm时,平均空气击穿电压仅为5280V;随着间隙的增大,空气击穿电压也随之增大;导电片间隙放电实验数据与Townsend气体放电理论值吻合.最后,根据以上结论,针对浮顶储罐导电片间隙放电的危险性,提出了改进措施.     

Prevention of an atmospheric storage tank bund failure

Secondary containment (bunds, drip trays, interceptors/sumps) is an integral part of many chemical, petrochemical, as well as agricultural, food and pharmaceutical facilities. Bunds are the built-in cases for accidental liquid substance spillage where there is a hazard that a substance could leak into the surroundings and the potential of health or environmental damage. The authors focus on the cases installed in large-volume atmospheric tanks storing hazardous chemicals in liquid form, where the bund failure occurred. In the first part of the study, a database of these accidents was created, numbering a total of 15 items. Attention was paid to the course of the accident, its causes and consequences. Several basic representative scenarios of bund failure have also been developed. The second part of the study is devoted mainly to the measures against the bund failure, such as risk assessment, technical and organizational measures. The aim of this study is to provide readers (including experts in the field of safety engineering, maintenance experts and building designers) with the information that can subsequently be used in the risk assessment of bund failure, possibly also for planning the construction of new bunds, or revitalization and maintenance of the existing ones.