污泥厌氧消化预处理技术综述

全球环境问题已成为国际社会关注的焦点,围绕全球气候变化,降低温室气体排放,寻求再生能源,节能减排已成为目前国际科技发展的方向。通过"十一五"污水处理厂的建设,每年污泥产量已接近3000万吨(含水率80%脱水污泥计)以上,且以每年10%的速度递增。其处理与处置是制约社会经济发展的重要问题。但是,城市污泥蕴含有大量生物质能,通过借鉴国外先进技术与经验,开发城市污泥生物质能提取和利用技术,对我国节能减排具有重要战略意义。由于细胞壁的存在,使得污泥水解成为限制厌氧消化效率的重要瓶颈,而污泥强化预处理可有效提高污泥细胞壁的破坏,溶出胞内有机物,最大化回收剩余污泥中的有机能源。目前,预处理技术较多,如超声波预处理、热处理、微波预处理、碱解处理、臭氧预处理等,本文从物理、化学等角度分析了不同预处理对厌氧消化技术的影响。     

Bacterial pretreatment enhances removal of heavy metals during treatment of post-methanated distillery effluent by Typha angustata L

A combination of bacterial pretreatment followed by free water surface flow through wetland plants was investigated to determine its effect on removal of heavy metals in bioremediation of post-methanated distillery effluent (PMDE). The bacterial pretreatment was intended to transform the metal complexes and organic pollutants into simpler, biologically assimilable molecules. The 10% and 30% v/v concentrations of PMDE favored luxuriant bacterial growth; the 50% concentration supported less growth, whereas the undiluted effluent (i.e., 100%) supported very little bacterial growth. The use of bacterial pretreatment combined with the constructed wetland system greatly increase the overall bioaccumulation of all heavy metals by the plants compared with the control treatment. However, the integration of bacterial pretreatment of PMDE with the Typha angustata resulted in enhanced removal of Cd (34.02–61.50% increase), Cr (35.90–57.60% increase), Cu (32.88–54.22% increase), Fe (32.50–51.26% increase), Mn (35.99–82.85% increase), Ni (35.85–59.24% increase), Pb (33.45–59.51% increase) and Zn (31.95–53.70% increase) compared with a control that lacked this pretreatment. In addition to the bioaccumulation of these heavy metals, several physico-chemical parameters also improved at the 30% effluent concentration: color, BOD, COD, phenol and total nitrogen decreased by 98.33%, 98.89%, 98.50%, 93.75% and 82.39%, respectively, after 7 days of free water surface flow treatment. The results suggest that bacterial pretreatment of PMDE, integrated with phytoremediation will improve the treatment process of PMDE and promote safer disposal of this waste.     

秸秆生产燃料乙醇的研究进展

秸秆的化学成分复杂,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大部分组成。经过预处理、发酵和脱水可生成燃料乙醇,秸秆乙醇化技术已经备受关注。针对预处理、发酵和脱水3个过程的多种化学或生物技术的研究进展进行了分析,同时也指出其不足。秸秆预处理中的超临界技术虽然设备制造成本高,但在秸秆资源化中与传统技术相比显示了独特的优势,具有反应迅速、无需催化剂、无产物抑制等优点。     

废气样品中甲烷的保存条件研究

气相色谱法检测废气中甲烷,样品保存容器可选择玻璃注射器、惰性气袋、真空瓶、苏码罐等,实验室对此做了比较研究。结果表明:玻璃注射器气密性较差,样品须在8 h内完成分析;真空瓶携带不方便,苏码罐价格昂贵,两者使用较少;使用玻璃注射器采集,然后注入惰性气袋保存的方法最佳,样品至少可稳定保存7d。     

跨界水体联合监测中总磷测定的问题探讨

研究了不同分析方法、去浊度手段和预处理方式对地表水总磷测定的影响。结果表明:钼酸铵分光光度法在跨界水体联合监测中较连续流动分析法、氯化亚锡还原光度法、孔雀绿-磷钼杂多酸分光光度法更为适用;在水样没有色度的情况下,采用浊度-色度补偿法和离心法都能有效消除浊度干扰,相对误差±10%;预处理方式的不同是导致各监测单位测定结果可比性差的最关键因素。     

吡啶的气相色谱分析

试验了以气相色谱法、大口径弹性石英毛细管柱分离 ,NPD检测环境样品中吡啶 ,得到了良好的分离效果 ,峰形好 ,并有较高的灵敏度和较宽的线性范围 ,检测限可达 0 0 0 4mg/L ,完全能满足环境空气质量分析和水质分析的要求。     

含氯苯和对邻硝基氯苯农药废水的混凝—氧化预处理

采用混凝沉淀 -芬顿试剂氧化对含氯苯和对邻硝基氯苯农药废水进行预处理 ,探讨了不同条件下农药废水的处理效果。结果表明 ,废水经混凝处理后可去除 46 .2 %的COD ,BOD5/COD值有一定程度的提高 ;废水经芬顿试剂氧化处理后可去除 5 0 .9%的COD ,BOD5/COD值可从 0 .0 4提高到 0 .1     

催化裂化废水萃取脱酚预处理研究

选用焦化粗柴油为萃取剂,对催化裂化含酚废水进行脱酚预处理,结果表明,最佳萃取条件为：ｐＨ７．０－８．５,温度１５－４０℃,油水体系比１．７－２．１,理论萃取级数４－７级。在上述条件下,出水酚质量浓度为５０ｍｇ／Ｌ。萃取后的粗柴油用于炼油厂加氢精制装置。     

Entrainment mortality of Ichthyoplankton: Detectability and precision of estimates

The ability to detect and to develop a precise and accurate estimate of the entrainment mortality fraction is an important step in projecting power plant impacts on future fish population levels. Recent work indicates that these mortailities may be considerably less than 100% for some fish species in the early life stages. Point estimates of the entrainment mortality fraction have been developed based on probabilistic arguments, but the precision of these estimates has not been studied beyond the simple statistical test of the null hypothesis that no entrainment mortaility exists.The ability to detect entrainment mortality is explored as a function of the sample sizes (numbers of organisms collected) at the intake and discharge sampling stations of a power plant and of the proportion of organisms found alive in the intake samples (intake survival). Minimum detectable entrainment mortality, confidence interval width, and type II error (probability of accepting the null hypothesis of no entrainment mortality when there is mortality) are considered. Increasing sample size and/or decreasing sampling mortality will decrease the minimum detectable entrainment mortality, confidence interval width, and type II error for a given level of type I error.The results of this study are considered in the context of designing useful monitoring programs for determining the entrainment mortality fraction. Preliminary estimates of intake survival and the entrainment mortality fraction can be used to obtain estimates of the sample size needed for a specified level of confidence interval width or type II error. Final estimates of the intake survival and the entrainment mortality fraction can be used to determine the minimum detectable entrainment mortality and the type II error.     

铁碳微电解法预处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液

对垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液采用铁碳微电解法进行预处理,探讨了p H值、反应时间及气液比对COD去除效率的影响。结果表明,当p H值为3、反应时间120 min、气液比10∶1时,COD、TN的去除率分别为79.6%,56.4%;NH3-N由进水的70.9 mg/L上升为77.0 mg/L;预处理效果较好。但是由于铁碳微电解对盐度没有去除效果,影响后续反应进行。如何经济有效地降低含盐量成为今后研究重点。