基于双向算法的湖库允许纳污负荷量计算及案例

为了加强湖库流域水环境保护与污染负荷排放管理,支持湖库控制单元允许纳污负荷量的计算和污染负荷分配决策的制定,在总结国内外环境容量相关研究的基础上,针对现状水环境总量控制技术中允许纳污负荷计算与分配环节存在的问题,提出基于双向算法的湖库允许纳污负荷量计算方法.并以EFDC(environmental fluid dynamic code)水环境模型为核心,通过模型概化、参数率定等建模技术与方法的研究,利用估算与精算相结合的方法制定排污情景,并应用模型完成情景分析.应用多次情景试算、分析的方法,制定优化的排污情景,从而计算出湖库允许纳污负荷量.最后以辽宁省柴河水库为实证区进行方法的应用,证明了方法具备科学性与计算精度.     

石化工业园区有毒废水来源识别研究

针对石化废水对综合污水处理厂的毒性冲击问题,采用耗氧速率抑制试验评价不同石化废水对活性污泥的毒性,评价对象包括石化工业园区内不同生产装置和装置内不同生产节点的废水.试验发现废水的有机质含量与毒性效应之间没有直接的相关性,并不能单从废水的有机质含量预测其毒性.同时,研究中针对活性污泥敏感性在不同批次试验之间的差异问题,将各废水对活性污泥的毒性数据转化为标准毒性物质3,5-二氯苯酚的浓度,提高了数据之间的可比性.在此基础上,根据废水流量和对应3,5-二氯苯酚浓度,计算废水对应标准毒性物质质量排放负荷,作为评价废水毒性排放贡献的指标.对不同装置和节点石化废水的毒性贡献进行排序,有效识别了该石化工业园区内有毒废水的产生来源,为从生产源头控制废水毒性提供有效指导.     

一次强沙尘暴事件路径后向追源的数值模拟研究

沙尘暴源地的确定技术,一直是沙尘暴空气浮尘浓度场长距离输送数值模拟的最困难的科学问题之一。传统方法通常是使用降尘区的采集样本进行化学成分分析来确定。然而,采样误差和化学成分在大气长距离输送过程中的不确定性,也使得这种方法的可操作性不强。本文使用拉格朗日后向追踪数值模拟的新方法,依据中国气象局(CMA)的气象观测数据及其预报资料对一次沙尘暴事件进行了数值模拟,结果表明∶2003年4月9日的沙尘暴的主要源地来源于吉尔班通古特沙漠。     

被动采样/热脱附/GC-MS法测定环境空气中挥发性有机物暴露量

建立了吸附管被动采样-热脱附解吸气相色谱质谱联用测定环境空气中挥发性有机物暴露量的采样、分析方法。14种挥发性有机物的检出限为0.002~0.005 ng/h。该法采样无需动力,具有简单、方便、灵敏度高等特点,可广泛应用于环境气体的监测。     

弹药集装单元动力学试验研究

弹药集装单元是一种新型的弹药保障载具,没有具体的力学试验标准。通过研究弹药保障流程中的装卸与公路运输环境,分析可能出现的振动与冲击效应,参考相关弹药包装试验规程和试验方法,对弹药集装单元进行了相关动力学试验,进而评估弹药集装单元的力学性能,并证明弹药集装单元的设计可以满足弹药集装化保障的强度需求。     

基于控制单元的双台子河水环境容量核算研究

控制单元作为流域水环境管理的基本实施单位,开展水环境容量核算,对制定控制单元容量总量分配具有科学意义.文章以辽河盘锦双台子河流域为例,根据水环境容量核算的基本原理,结合水质现状和水环境功能区划,对各控制单元COD和氨氮的水环境容量进行分析.结果表明,控制单元的水环境容量与区域水质目标密切相关,在30Q10水文条件下,COD水环境容量为8607.49 t/a,NH3-N水环境容量为1154.35 t/a.COD需要削减47.5%,NH3-N削减30.9%.     

太湖西岸典型控制单元污染物排放核定研究

文章现以宜兴市为例,进行太湖西岸典型控制单元污染物排放核定的研究.结合水污染管理现状,完成了可操作的、面向排污许可证实施的宜兴流域控制单元划分、污染物排放量核定、水质响应关系建立和水环境容量测算与分配等水质目标管理体系,为宜兴市及整个太湖流域的水污染控制与治理方案提供方法论的指导.     

Design of single vertical tube falling-film evaporation basing on experiment

An experimental study for fluid hydrodynamic characteristics in thin water films falling down the outside of a vertical tube was performed with the analysis of several factors about the uniformity and stability of the film. Liquid evaporation is of major interest for many fields in process engineering. One of these is chemical process engineering, where evaporation of liquids and generation of super heated steam is mandatory for numerous processes. Generally, this is performed by the use of classical pool boiling and evaporation process equipment, providing relatively limited performance. The performance of the film distributor will affect the production capacity and service life of the evaporator. In this publication a novel falling-film distributor which is used annular gap and inlet tube rotated tangentially 270° to guarantee the film uniformity is presented. Experimental data suggested that there is optimum annular gap distance is between 1.5 and 2.0 mm and the spray density should be controlled between 250 and 700 kg m⁻¹ h⁻¹. Several suggestions for evaporator design are proposed.     

波形电晕线排列形态对放电特性的影响实验与分析

为了明确波形电晕极的放电特性以指导工程设计与应用,在线-板式电除尘器中,实验研究了波形电晕极排列方式对电除尘器伏安特性的影响.试验中主要考虑了2个因素对波形电晕线放电性能的影响,即波形电晕线的偏转角和波形电晕极间距.其波形电晕极的具体布置方式分为:①波形电晕线偏转角分别为0°、45°、90°;②波形电晕极间距分别为14...     

Water Quality Model Uncertainty Analysis of a Point‐Point Source Phosphorus Trading Program1

Kardos, Josef S. and Christopher C. Obropta, 2011. Water Quality Model Uncertainty Analysis of a Point‐Point Source Phosphorus Trading Program. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1317–1337. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00591.x Abstract: Water quality modeling is a major source of scientific uncertainty in the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) process. The effects of these uncertainties extend to water quality trading programs designed to implement TMDLs. This study examines the effects of water quality model uncertainty on a nutrient trading program. The study builds on previous work to design a phosphorus trading program for the Nontidal Passaic River Basin in New Jersey that would implement the watershed TMDL for total phosphorus (TP). The study identified how water quality model uncertainty affects outcomes of potential trades of TP between wastewater treatment plants. The uncertainty analysis found no evidence to suggest that the outcome of trades between wastewater treatment plants, as compared with command and control regulation, will significantly increase uncertainty in the attainment of dissolved oxygen surface water quality standards, site‐specific chlorophyll a criteria, and reduction targets for diverted TP load at potential hot spots in the watershed. Each simulated trading scenario demonstrated parity with or improvement from the command and control approach at the TMDL critical locations, and low risk of hot spots elsewhere.