液氯泄漏事件的环境安全防护距离与监测布点方法

以大气湍流扩散模型为基础,结合大气环境基本资料和氯气的性质,提出了氯气泄漏突发事件的应急防护范围,为发生类似事件时的人群撤离范围和布点监测、监控范围,提出了一种思路,供大家参考.     

Particulate matter and metals partitioning in highway rainfall-runoff

This study investigated the particulate matter (PM) and metals in highway dry deposition and rainfall-runoff as a function of hydrologic transport and settling on an event basis. Events were differentiated as mass-limited (ML) and flow-limited (FL). Results indicate that unique and separate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) relationships with turbidity occurred for ML and FL events. Sixty minutes of quiescent settling produced a single SSC-turbidity relationship for all events. ML events transport higher proportions of settleable and sediment PM while FL events transported relatively higher suspended PM. For batch clarification with one hour of settling, ML events had generally higher treatment efficiencies compared to FL events for the same settling conditions. Highway dry deposition PM was hetero-disperse and coarse (d _{50 m} = 304 μm). Results indicate that the acidic rainfall is not a significant contributor to metals in runoff but is capable of leaching metals from dry deposition PM into runoff. Partitioning in retained runoff resulted in a particulate-bound predominance for most metals except Ca and Mg. While the finer fraction of dry deposition PM (< 75 μm) generates the highest metal concentrations, the highest metal mass is associated with the coarser fraction (> 75 μm).     

Genetic Structure of Herpetofauna on Halmahera Island,Indonesia: Implications for Aketajawe‐Lolobata National Park

Abstract: Genetic variation within species—a priority for biodiversity conservation—is influenced by natural selection, demography, and stochastic events such as genetic drift. We evaluated the role of these factors in 14 codistributed species of reptiles and amphibians on the Indonesian island of Halmahera by testing whether their molecular variation was correlated with geographic distance, ecology, riverine barriers, or Halmahera's paleoisland precursors. We found support for isolation by distance effects in four species. Two of these four were also significantly affected either by rivers or by ecology. A fifth species was significantly affected by ecology and a sixth was significantly affected by Halmahera's paleoislands. [Correction added after publication 9 December 2009: the previous sentence was edited for clarity.] These findings—the most comprehensive survey of multispecies genetic variation on Halmahera to date—bode well for the efficacy of the recently established Aketajawe‐Lolobata National Park in conserving a substantial component of vertebrate genetic variation on this island. Future success of conservation efforts will depend crucially, of course, on funding for and enforcement of conservation management of this park.     

Epiphyte Biodiversity in the Coffee Agricultural Matrix: Canopy Stratification and Distance from Forest Fragments

Abstract: Quality of the agricultural matrix profoundly affects biodiversity and dispersal in agricultural areas. Vegetatively complex coffee agroecosystems maintain species richness at larger distances from the forest. Epiphytes colonize canopy trees and provide resources for birds and insects and thus effects of agricultural production on epiphytes may affect other species. We compared diversity, composition, and vertical stratification of epiphytes in a forest fragment and in two coffee farms differing in management intensity in southern Mexico. We also examined spatial distribution of epiphytes with respect to the forest fragment to examine quality of the two agricultural matrix types for epiphyte conservation. We sampled vascular epiphytes in a forest fragment, a shade polyculture farm, and a shade monoculture farm at 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m from the forest. Epiphyte and orchid richness was greater in the forest than in the monoculture but richness was similar in the forest and polyculture farm. Epiphyte species composition differed with habitat type, but not with distance from the forest. In the forest, epiphytes were distributed throughout tree canopies, but in the farms, epiphytes were primarily found on trunks and larger branches. Epiphyte richness and species similarity to forest species declined with distance from the forest fragment in the monoculture, but richness and similarity to forest species did not decline with distance from forest in the polyculture. This suggests polyculture coffee has greater conservation value. In contrast, monoculture coffee is likely a sink habitat for epiphytes dispersing from forests into coffee. Coffee farms differ from forests in terms of the habitat they provide and species composition, thus protecting forest fragments is essential for epiphyte conservation. Nonetheless, in agricultural landscapes, vegetatively complex coffee farms may contribute to conservation of epiphytes more than other agricultural land uses.     

二氧化硫的变化规律及监测频率代表性的验证

对１９９２年连续十二个月的二氧化硫监测数据的分析，掌握了二氧化硫随时间的变化规律。对间断采样频率的代表性作出结论。     

铁路隧道火灾中烟气逆流层长度的研究

以狮子洋隧道为工程背景,对不同火源热释放速率、不同通风风速、不同坡度及不同断面当量直径情况下的火灾进行了数值模拟。分析了隧道烟气逆流层长度的变化规律,并对模拟数据进行了拟合。结果表明,隧道烟气逆流层长度与通风风速、火源热释放速率、隧道断面当量直径的自然对数值拟合均符合直线关系,呈递增或递减变化;坡度对烟气逆流层长度的影响随通风风速的增大而减弱。在分析烟气逆流层长度变化规律的基础上,建立了烟气逆流层长度与火源热释放速率、通风风速及断面当量直径的关系式,通过对数据拟合获得了烟气逆流层长度公式,该公式推导合理,并有所创新。     

硫磺回收装置扩能改造及效果分析

介绍了回收酸性气体生产硫磺的工艺原理与工艺流程,论述了影响硫磺回收装置生产能力的诸多因素与扩能改造的情况。扩能改造后,该装置的酸性气体处理量平均为976m^3／h,瞬时处理量可达1200m^3／h,硫磺的生产能力从4450t／a提高到7500t／a,生产能力提高了68．5％,装置总硫回收率达到93．5％。     

基于调节聚焦理论的生物农药推广有效性研究

化学农药在提高单位耕地面积农产品产量和效益的同时,由于过量施用、利用效率低下等污染了生态环境、危害农产品安全和损害消费者健康等问题,而具有低残留、低污染和环境友好性优势的生物农药逐渐得到公共部门和业界的重视。但生物农药能否得到大范围推广和施用,关键在于能否改变农户的农药施用行为和农药生产企业的积极参与。由于生物农药施用涉及农户的当前利益和长期利益、个人利益和社会利益等相关因素,使农户的农药施用决策具有突出的心理距离属性。本文引入调节聚焦理论,建立了心理距离与农户农药施用决策和心理动机的关系,实证研究生物农药推广对农户农药施用决策、支付愿意(WTP)、农药生产企业态度和再次施用意愿的影响。结论如下:1施用生物农药给农户带来的收益是长期的、全社会的和不确定的,而多数农户农药施用决策所考虑的利益是当前的、私人的。因此,二者在心理距离、调节聚焦以及利益追求方面是不匹配的,这揭示了当前生物农药推广过程中出现的叫好不叫座的原因;2农药生产企业能够从生物农药推广中获利。如果生物农药推广得当,将会提高农户对生物农药以及农药生产企业的积极评价,其对生物农药的愿意支付价格和再次施用意愿也会提升;3调节聚集信息诉求和心理距离的匹配,对农户生物农药施用决策存在显著影响。当预防(或促进)聚焦信息诉求与近(或远)心理距离匹配时,农户对生物农药信息诉求的认同度较高,施用意愿也更高。因此,要提高生物农药的推广效果,针对农户农药施用决策具有近心理距离的特点,公共部门及农药生产企业在推广生物农药时应该强化预防聚焦信息,而弱化促进聚焦信息;此外,生物农药推广过程中,公共部门及农药生产企业也可以通过宣传策略,延长农户农药施用决策时的心理距离与改善生态环境的促进聚焦目标相匹配,从而提高农户施用生物农药的积极性。     

中国工业二氧化硫排放变化指标分解研究

基于生产理论框架,应用基于Shephard输出距离函数的方法,将我国SO2排放变化指标分解为技术效率影响、技术变化影响、输入增加影响、输出结构影响等5项指标,并对中国28个地区2000~2006年SO2排放变化面板数据进行了实证分析.结果表明:引起我国2000~2006年SO2排放增加的主要因素是工业能源消耗、资本投入及产出结构变化,技术变化则在一定程度上减少了工业SO2排放.“十五”期间国家工业SO2排放控制政策,对工业SO2排放控制技术进步及技术效率的提高有明显的促进作用.在区域层面上,东、中、西3个地区的技术变化都促进了工业SO2的减排,其中东部地区由于技术变化所导致的SO2减排较为明显.     

燃煤锅炉烟气中CPM与水溶性离子监测方法及应用研究

建立燃煤锅炉烟气可凝聚颗粒物(CPM)与水溶性离子监测采样方法,并应用于北京市典型烟气净化工艺燃煤锅炉排放监测。结果表明,北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中总颗粒物(TPM)基准排放质量浓度最高达82.4 mg/m3,最低14.0 mg/m3,其中CPM占TPM的43.5%~92.2%,水溶性离子对TPM的贡献水平为31.4%~62.2%。烟温对水溶性离子的分布形态有显著影响,进而影响TPM中可过滤颗粒物(FPM)和CPM的分配比例。颗粒物和水溶性离子的排放与烟气含湿量之间无显著相关性,而与燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫除尘净化工艺和脱硫产物的溶解度及其脱除方式密切相关。