加强科技期刊编辑素质及能力的培养

科技期刊是以反映科技领域的研究成果及安全生产为主要内容的学术性刊物,科技期刊要坚持正确的舆论导向,促进学术理论研究与文化交流,注重登载论文的学术性、创新性和实践性。科技期刊编辑素质的高低是决定期刊质量好坏的一个重要依据。期刊编辑的能力培养也是办好期刊的重要因素之一,本文通过对当前科技期刊的编辑应具备的素质和能力的分析,对进一步提高期刊的学术论文质量的几个观点进行阐述。     

粉尘灾害领域国家自然科学基金资助情况分析

为分析粉尘灾害领域基金资助情况,利用基金委电子查询系统提供的数据,从资助项数、资助金额和依托单位等方面研究了1986—2016年该领域资助情况。结果表明:年资助项数和年项均资助金额总体上呈逐渐上升趋势,在依托单位中,来自985/211院校、普通院校、中科院系统和其他研究机构的比例为36∶29∶3∶5,获准立项5项及以上单位有7家;项目申请有逐渐集中于安全科学与工程（E0410）的趋势;粉尘燃爆机理、规律、特征,粉尘运移与沉降、电除尘、袋式除尘（含过滤）和水雾除尘等是以往研究热点内容。资助项目类别以面上项目为主,资助项目所属地区以北京、辽宁、江苏和山东为主。     

基于Web of Science的国际夜间经济研究热点与脉络

基于1990—2019年Web of Science核心合集收录的292篇夜间经济文献,借助CiteSpace软件进行可视化分析。结果发现:①国际夜间经济研究的文献数量呈波动上升趋势,学科交叉研究特征显著。②发文学者集中于欧美澳地区,已形成多个紧密的合作网络。③研究历程可分为萌芽探索、逐步推进和快速发展三大阶段。④领域研究聚焦于夜间犯罪与暴力、夜间治安与管理、群体特征与行为、夜间旅游与休闲等。     

An Evaluation of the Influence of Natural Science in Regional-Scale Restoration Projects

Regional-scale restoration is a tool of growing importance in environmental management, and the number, scope, and complexity of restoration programs is increasing. Although the importance of natural science to the success of such projects generally is recognized, the actual use of natural science in these programs rarely has been evaluated. We used techniques of program evaluation to examine the use of natural science in six American and three Western European regional-scale restoration programs. Our results suggest that ensuring the technical rigor and directed application of the science is important to program development and delivery. However, the influence of science may be constrained if strategies for its integration into the broader program are lacking. Consequently, the influence of natural science in restoration programs is greatest when formal mechanisms exist for incorporating science into programs, for example, via a framework for integration of science and policy. Our evaluation proposes a model that can be used to enhance the influence of natural science in regional-scale restoration programs in the United States and elsewhere.     

Improving traffic safety: Conceptual considerations for successful action

Introduction

In the early stages of motorization, it did not take rigorous scientific research to achieve major improvements in traffic safety. Instead, early traffic-safety countermeasures were often based exclusively on common sense. Since then, scientific research has gradually increased in importance as the basis for developing successful interventions. This shift was not made by choice but mostly by necessity: Many of the “easy” problems have already been addressed, and the remaining problems are generally too complex for an approach based solely on common sense. Fortunately, our understanding of the complexities involved in traffic safety has recently made major gains, and common sense can now be supplemented, to some degree, by valid technical analysis.

Approach

This article discusses major conceptual issues that should be considered in guiding the future development of effective, science-based traffic-safety countermeasures.

Impact on industry

After briefly discussing the conceptual issues, the article offers a list of implications for action.     

Integrative research on environmental and landscape change: PhD students' motivations and challenges

The growing demand for integrative (interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary) approaches in the field of environmental and landscape change has increased the number of PhD students working in this area. Yet, the motivations to join integrative projects and the challenges for PhD students have so far not been investigated. The aims of this paper were to identify the understanding of PhD students with regard to integrative research, their motivations to join integrative projects, their expectations in terms of integration and results, and to reveal the challenges they face in integrative projects. We collected data by a questionnaire survey of 104 PhD students attending five PhD Master Classes held from 2003 to 2006. We used manual content analysis to analyse the free-text answers. The results revealed that students lack a differentiated understanding of integrative approaches. The main motivations to join integrative projects were the dissertation subject, the practical relevance of the project, the intellectual stimulation of working with different disciplines, and the belief that integrative research is more innovative. Expectations in terms of integration were high. Core challenges for integration included intellectual and external challenges such as lack of knowledge of other disciplines, knowledge transfer, reaching depth, supervision, lack of exchange with other students and time demands. To improve the situation for PhD students, we suggest improving knowledge on integrative approaches, balancing practical applicability with theoretical advancement, providing formal introductions to other fields of research, and enhancing institutional support for integrative PhD projects.     

Sustainability research and practices in enforced residential institutions: collaborations of ecologists and prisoners

Enforced institutional settings such as penitentiaries provide environments to raise awareness, carry out research, and implement and assess practices for sustainable living. Institutions where residence is enforced due to health, recreational, military, or legal reasons (e.g., assisted living centers, summer camps, army bases, prisons) house people who may lack scientific training but have time and need for intellectual stimulation that can be filled by supervised research. These institutions have stable populations, structured social organization, and measurable inputs and outputs of materials and energy to carry out sustainable practices in tasks that affect regional resources such as groundwater quality and landfill use. We report on three examples at a corrections center resulting from partnerships among visiting academic ecology researchers, sustainability practitioners, corrections administrators, and prisoners: (1) research on how to sustainably “farm” moss for the horticulture trade to reduce harvesting pressure on wild moss populations; (2) a vermiculture and thermophilic composting system to reduce the kitchen waste; and (3) a monthly seminar series at the prison. Over 26 months: (1) participants developed methods to optimize moss growth; (2) landfill-bound waste and particulate flow rate destined for wastewater treatment decreased by 50%, to less than 50% of permit limits; (3) resulting compost (ca. 5000 kg) fertilized institutional vegetable gardens; (4) water quality improved so that the prison could return funds allocated to upgrade the prison’s water quality. The lectures encouraged intellectual exchange among researchers, convicts, and guards. Researchers derived new perspectives and broader impacts for their work. This can be a model for other correctional facilities and other enforced residential institutions (ERIs). Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Knowledge-based Journalism in Science and Environmental Reporting: Opportunities and Obstacles

Recent calls for knowledge-based journalism advocate a new level of formal knowledge in news reporting to meet the professional challenges caused by rapid change in the news industry. Scientifically knowledgeable journalism has the potential to redefine the existing science–media relationship. However, the audience for such journalism is unclear, nor is it known how this new journalism would function within rapidly changing newsroom practices. Implementing knowledge-based journalism requires theory-based propositions to show the actual benefits of improved scientific understanding for news consumers and an understanding, from research into professional cultures, of why new practices in journalism are adopted or abandoned. This paper develops that theoretical basis by examining knowledge-based journalism’s potential and some of the intellectual and institutional barriers to it.     

Knowledge production and the science–policy relation in Dutch soil policy: results from a survey on perceived roles of organisations

In this paper, we present results from a survey on the perceived roles of organisations on the production and transfer of knowledge in Dutch soil policy. The results are interpreted by applying three theoretical perspectives to this relation: technical communities, epistemic communities and Mode 2 knowledge production. The main research results show that, since the perceived roles of organisations in some cases do not match the intended roles, or are inconsistent, communication of roles by organisations in the policy field is not effective. A second conclusion is that the respondents advocated an increase in interaction among policy levels and between knowledge production and policymaking. From the results, it seems that the Dutch soil policy field is on its way to a mode of socially robust knowledge production, where knowledge production, knowledge transfer and policymaking are integrated. In order to further this development, the paper provides recommendations on the further integration of science and policy concerning soil policy in the Netherlands.With respect to the methodology of survey research on the interaction between science and policy, the paper illustrates the importance of the professional identities of the respondents. The professional identities of the respondents are an important explanatory variable for the perceived roles of organisations.     

20世纪90年代以来《Science》关于全球气候变化研究述评

近年来气候变化引起人们关注。世界许多学者对气候变化开展了广泛研究，已经取得了丰硕成果。为了了解国际上气候变化研究的进展及前沿，作者查阅了《science》于20世纪90年代以来关于气候变化的相关文章400余篇。这些文章的内容涉及地球科学、医学、物理学、微生物学等许多领域。该文主要从地球科学角度归纳总结了全球气候变化与陆地生态系统、气候变化与碳循环、全球气候变化与土地利用方式、气候变化与人类活动等方面的研究，并进行了典型研究成果的透视分析。最后提出了需要进一步研究的建议。