Vulcan_(42)消解—原子荧光测定土壤和沉积物中的砷汞

建立了全自动样品处理系统Vulcan 42-原子荧光光度法测定土壤和沉积物中砷和汞的方法。准确称取0.2500 g样品,经Vulcan42全自动消解系统消解后,采用原子荧光光度计测定砷和汞的含量。运用该方法砷的检出限为0.11 mg/kg,回收率在96%¹01%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.3%101%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.3%⁴.5%之间;汞的检出限为0.003 mg/kg,回收率在90%4.5%之间;汞的检出限为0.003 mg/kg,回收率在90%¹08%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.5%108%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.5%⁴.7%之间。     

有机质分解对青海湖湖水溶解无机碳同位素（δ13CDIC）的影响及其指示意义——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

青海湖沉积物稳定碳同位素常常被用来指示古环境的变化,然而准确地解译其信号需要充分认识溶解无机碳同位素比值（δ¹³C_DIC）变化及其控制因素。本文利用沉积物捕获器连续一年收集的青海湖湖水及颗粒物,通过其中湖水的δ¹³C_DIC和细颗粒沉积物中碳酸盐稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C_carb）的同步分析,结合湖水δ¹³C_DIC的垂直分布和表层沉积物δ13Ccarb及有机碳同位素（δ¹³C_org）,探讨了有机质分解在δ¹³C_DIC和δ¹³C_carb中的调节作用。结果表明,从沉积物捕获器中获得的湖水δ¹³C_DIC的变化主要受控于与外界隔绝后（微）生物对有机质的分解作用,但这种（微）生物分解作用并不会影响到δ¹³C_carb比值。这些现象反映了（1）还原环境下（微）生物对有机质的分解作用对水体δ¹³C_DIC有重要影响和（2）青海湖自生碳酸盐主要从上层湖水沉淀,且形成后不再与周围水体发生交换作用。     

时间序列沉积物捕获器（sediment trap）及其在青海湖的放置

沉积物捕获器在认识现代沉积过程方面具有独特的优势,已在海洋和国外一些大湖的研究中得到了成功的应用,但相关的工作在我国湖泊研究中尚未开展。Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器是用来连续收集水体沉降颗粒物的仪器,可以获得沉积物输入通量和季节性变率。本文在介绍了该类型沉积物捕获器的设计、工作原理、投放和回收等基本知识的基础上,阐明了我们选择青海湖作为放置沉积物捕获器的理由和科学意义。在本专题的五篇论文中,我们展示了在青海湖放置的沉积物捕获器于2010年7月至2012年9月期间收集的沉积物和湖水样品的研究结果和同步的实时监测数据。通过在青海湖两年多的试验性地放置以及初步的结果,我们建议在我国典型内陆不同位置的湖泊等水体长期地放置这类沉积物捕获器,将为湖泊等水体系统的现代沉积和生物过程的深入理解提供全新的视角。     

平板显示器回收的新挑战

显示屏（监视器和电视机）经历了从阴极射线管到平板显示器技术的快速变化。截至目前为止,只有少量的平板显示器已记录在废物收集点。平板显示器的数量越来越多,在未来需要足够的用于回收的基础设施。本文旨在通过液晶显示屏幕的回收对经济影响的案例研究来提供数量、成分、回收利用技术和经验的基本数据。对于组件和材料也适用于其他类型的电子产品,如黑色金属和有色金属,印刷电路板或电缆,回收途径和技术是众所周知的和可用的。目前,液晶显示器（LCD）在欧洲不回收。处置时,例如,通过焚烧,有价值的材料,其成分是不再可用。例如：铟具有重要战略意义的应用,如,太阳能光伏作为一种稀缺资源。液晶显示器在欧洲具有回收基础设施,因此是有用的。     

漓江沉积柱重金属垂向分布特征及污染评价

对桂林漓江3个采样点沉积柱状沉积物中主要重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、As和Ni)的垂向分布进行了测定。结果表明:7种重金属元素具有相似的垂向变化特征;横向上表现为靠近市区的含量高远离,市区的含量低。地积累指数评价结果显示,远离市区的沉积柱7种金属污染程度较轻,仅有Cd和Ni属于无～中污染程度。临近市区的沉积柱形成污染的元素为Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb和As,主要集中在底层和次表层。     

废弃产品回收处理企业环境绩效评价初探

近年来,废弃产品回收处理行业日益受到政府和社会各界的关注,而回收处理企业是实施回收处理活动的主体,相关法律、法规的出台对回收处理企业提出了更高的要求。本文在概括梳理相关法律、法规的基础上,初步建立了废弃产品回收处理企业环境绩效评价指标体系,为回收处理企业采用先进的技术工艺、降低环境负荷、加强职业健康监护和企业环境管理提供参考,以适应国家政策要求和行业发展的需要。     

水溶性有机物电子转移能力与荧光峰强度的关系研究

以不同来源的水溶性有机物（DOM）为供试材料,采用电化学方法和荧光光谱法研究了DOM电子转移能力及其与荧光峰强度的关系.采用库仑安培法测定DOM电子转移能力,其中测得的电子接受能力为635.6～1 049.3μmol.（g.C）-1,电子供给能力为27.3～42.3μmol.（g.C）-1.利用循环伏安法研究DOM电化学活性,发现其氧化还原电位在-731～-996 mV（vs.Ag/AgCl）之间.经过电位跃阶法三次氧化还原循环后电子转移能力仍可维持在232.1～897.2μmol.（g.C）-1之间,电子循环率为36.7%～78.2%,说明DOM具有重复利用、反复转移电子的特性.采用荧光激发发射光谱法（EEMS）测定DOM的类富里酸荧光峰强度并比较其与DOM电子转移能力的关系,发现DOM的类富里酸荧光峰强度与DOM的电子循环率具有显著相关（r2=0.92）.实验结果为理解DOM在元素循环、污染物降解以及生物地球化学循环中的作用提供科学依据.     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.     

Reducing sulfates concentration in the tannery effluent by applying pollution prevention techniques and nanofiltration

The use of large quantities of sulfuric acid and other sulfur-containing chemicals causes high sulfate concentrations in the wastewater of a tannery. The aim of this work was reducing the sulfate concentration in the final wastewater from a tannery. For that, firstly a study about the main sulfate sources in a tannery was carried out and the total sulfates load in the tannery wastewater was evaluated. Two measures for sulfates reduction were studied: the recycling of unhairing wastewater to the soaking drums and the reuse of the chromium sulfate from the tanning washing wastewater after its separation by nanofiltration (NF). The first measure proposed was studied experimentally in laboratory drums of 5 L of volume. Two series of experiments with different volumes of unhairing wastewater in the soaking bath were carried out. The quality of the final leather was evaluated by means of mechanical tests. NF experiments were carried out in a laboratory pilot plant with a spiral wounded membrane element. Concerning the results, the combination of 50% unhairing wastewater and 50% of fresh water was appropriate in order to obtain leather with an acceptable quality. Besides, it drove to a diminution of approximately 10% in the addition of sulfide in the unhairing. Related to the NF experiments, 97% of the sulfates were rejected by the membrane. The separated ions could be recycled to the tanning drums. The application of the two measures (firstly the recycling of the unhairing wastewater and secondly the NF of the tanning washing wastewater) drove to a reduction of 14.82 kg SO₄⁻² t⁻¹ of raw hide.     

Preparation and coagulation efficiency of polyaluminium ferric silicate chloride composite coagulant from wastewater of high-purity graphite production

The aim of the present work was to produce a polyaluminium ferric silicate chloride (PAFSiC) coagulant from acidic and alkaline wastewater of purifying graphite by roasting, and subsequently to evaluate coagulation efficiency of the reagent by treating surface water from the Yellow River as well as municipal wastewater in comparison with the conventional coagulant polyaluminium chloride (PAC). The PAFSiC coagulant was prepared by co-polymerization. The effects of (Al+Fe)/Si molar ratio, OH/(Al+Fe) molar ratio (i.e., value), coagulant dosage and pH value of test suspension on the coagulation behavior of FAFSiC and the stability of the PAFSiC were also examined. Results showed that PAFSiC performed more efficiently than PAC in removing turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphate (TP). The PAFSiC with a value of 2.0 and (Al+Fe)/Si ratio of 5 (PAFSiC 2.0/5) showed excellent coagulation effect for both turbidity and COD, while PAFSiC 1.0/5 was the best for TP. The optimum coagulation pH range of PAFSiC 2.0/5 was 5.0–9.0, slightly wider than that of PAC (6.0–8.0). The process can be easily incorporated into high-purity graphite production plants, thereby reducing wastewater pollution and producing a valuable coagulant.