基于退化量分布与退化轨迹的两种加速退化数据贮存寿命评估方法对比

首先陈述了加速退化数据的两种评估方法,对比两种评估方法的主要过程和适用范围.结合同一个试验数据,用两种方法分别进行处理,对比分析两种方法的评估结果.     

影响环境质量的关键因子的识别方法

影响环境质量的因素很多 ,它们所起作用各异 ,为尽可能客观地找出其中的关键因子 ,有针对性地进行环境治理或准确地评价环境治理效果 ,设计了一套直接寻找关键因子的方法 ,称作增量趋势法。该法是利用环境监测数据Ci 与标准值Cis,计算出各因子的相对超标量 yi1=[Ci(t) -Cis]/Cis 及相对变化量yi2 =[Ci(t) -Ci(t- 1) ]/Ci(t- 1) ;根据相对超标量yi1和相对变化量 yi2的符号 (>0或≤ 0 )的不同组合方式 ,将各因子分成 4种状态 ,再在各状态中 ,依 yi1和 yi2 的数值大小进行子排序 ;最后 ,由各因子所处的状态与位次进行总排序 ,找出关键因子。为说明该方法如何运用 ,以南京市内秦淮河水质为例 ,分析了各水污染因子所处的状态 ,并进行了排序 ,同时还与传统方法做了简单的对比。结果表明增量趋势法具有如下特点 :(1)物理意义明确 ,分析方法简明 ,适宜于用计算机和环境信息数据库进行自动分析 ;(2 )由于增量趋势法是利用原始监测数据 ,通过简单运算来寻找关键因子的 ,因此 ,能客观地判别各污染因子所起的作用 ,揭示污染治理的效果 ,找出污染加剧的原因 ,增加评价的准确性 ,减少治理时的盲目性 ;(3)趋势增量法同时还考虑了污染因子的动态演变过程 ,可分析随时间推移各因子趋于好转或恶化的变化趋势 ,与许多静态方     

全国机动车污染物排放量——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第Ⅱ部分）

环境保护部日前发布（（2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况。本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载2012年全国机动车污染物排放量现状及其变化趋势的内容,以飨读者。该年报指出,2012年,全国机动车排放污染物4612．1万吨,比2011年增加0．1％,其中氮氧化物（NOx）640．0万吨,碳氢化合物（HC）438．2万吨,一氧化碳（CO）3471．7万吨,颗粒物（PM）62．2万吨。汽车是污染物总量的主要贡献者,其排放的NOx和PM超过90％,HC和CO超过70％。按车型分类,全国货车排放的NOx和PM明显高于客车,其中重型货车是主要贡献者;而客车CO和HC排放量则明显高于货车。按燃料分类,全国柴油车排放的NOx接近汽车排放总量的70％,PM超过90％;而汽油车CO和HC排放量则较高,超过排放总量的70％。按排放标准分类,占汽车保有量7．8％的国I前标准汽车,其排放的四种主要污染物占排放总量的35．0％以上：而占保有量61．6％的国Ⅲ及以上标准汽车,其排放量还不到排放总量的30．0％。按环保标志分类,仅占汽车保有量13．4％的“黄标车”却排放了58．2％的NOx、56．8％的Hc、52．5％的CO和81．9％的PM。2012年,全国机动车保有量比2011年增长了7．8％,但四项污染物排放总量与2011年基本持平,这与实施更严格的机动车排放标准、加快淘汰高排放的“黄标车”、提升车用燃料品质等措施有关。     

化学沉淀法处理模拟含铜废水的研究

采用化学沉淀法对模拟含铜废水进行处理,分别考察了反应pH值、温度、沉淀时间、絮凝剂(PAM)用量以及PAM作用下沉淀时间等因素对模拟含铜废水处理的影响,并在最佳条件下对实际含铜废水进行了处理研究。结果表明,采用化学沉淀法处理200 mg/L的模拟含铜废水时,1‰聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的最佳加入比例为30 mg/L,在25℃下,合适的pH值为7.12左右,沉淀时间13 min。在此条件下对来自葫芦岛锌厂的酸性平均含铜为167 mg/L的实际废水继续处理,处理后废水中铜离子浓度平均值为0.87 mg/L,可以实现实际废水中铜离子的有效去除。     

Analysis of floc morphology in a continuous-flow flocculation and sedimentation reactor

The floc morphology was investigated in a continuous-flow reactor, in order to understand the evolution of flocs in practical flocculation and sedimentation processes in water utilities. Kaolin-humic acid suspension was used as the test water, and polyaluminum chloride was chosen as the coagulant. An in-situ recognition system was applied to analyze the floc size, boundary fractal dimension, and eccentricity ratios. Particle numbers and turbidity were also determined in the sedimentation stage. At a coagulant dose of 1 mg/L as Al, the average floc size increased from 62 to 78 μm and the boundary fractal dimension was around 1.14, suggesting that flocs were compact and continuously grew during the entire flocculation process. However, with the dose increased to 5 mg/L, the average floc size decreased and stabilized at around 65 μm, with the fractal dimension of 1.20. It can be concluded that the excess coagulant doses resulted in the formation of chain-shaped, lower density, and more branched structure flocs, thereby restricting flocs' further growth in the subsequent flocculation. Floc morphology analysis suggested that charge neutralization dominated in the initial flocculation stage, then the bridge and sweep mechanisms were dominant in the subsequent flocculation. In addition, compared with the traditional inclined plate settler, a novel V-shaped plate settler introduced in this study had an advantage in small size floc(less than 5 μm) removal. The V-shaped region could promote aggregate restructuring and re-flocculation; therefore, the V-shaped plate settler provides an alternative method for sedimentation.     

成都市西部南河水环境容量研究

根据成都市西部南河的水文、水质资料和沿岸排污情况,以水质敏感点(某企业取水口)为节点,对河流进行计算单元划分,采用河流二维水质模型,计算对比不同典型年(偏丰年、平水年、偏枯年)水文条件下南河的COD和NH3-N的环境容量,并对计算结果进行分析,从而计算得到不同典型年各计算单元的污染物入河削减量,尤其是提出偏枯年条件下针对南河实际的排污总量控制建议,以达到南河的水质目标要求.     

洗毛碳化废水循环处理试验介绍

洗毛碳化废水处理是一项难度较大的科研课题,目前国内外尚无突破性进展。本文介绍从改革洗毛碳化工艺入手,采用多系统综合处理废水的试验结果。实验证明,经除泥渣和提取油脂后的废水,可循环使用至三天,节约了软水、蒸汽、洗剂、助剂,减少了排放量,降低了废水中有机物含量,费用支出略有盈余。最终将废水纳入二级处理系统,力争使废水达到国家排放标准。     

Dispersal ecology of deadwood organisms and connectivity conservation

Limited knowledge of dispersal for most organisms hampers effective connectivity conservation in fragmented landscapes. In forest ecosystems, deadwood‐dependent organisms (i.e., saproxylics) are negatively affected by forest management and degradation globally. We reviewed empirically established dispersal ecology of saproxylic insects and fungi. We focused on direct studies (e.g., mark‐recapture, radiotelemetry), field experiments, and population genetic analyses. We found 2 somewhat opposite results. Based on direct methods and experiments, dispersal is limited to within a few kilometers, whereas genetic studies showed little genetic structure over tens of kilometers, which indicates long‐distance dispersal. The extent of direct dispersal studies and field experiments was small and thus these studies could not have detected long‐distance dispersal. Particularly for fungi, more studies at management‐relevant scales (1–10 km) are needed. Genetic researchers used outdated markers, investigated few loci, and faced the inherent difficulties of inferring dispersal from genetic population structure. Although there were systematic and species‐specific differences in dispersal ability (fungi are better dispersers than insects), it seems that for both groups colonization and establishment, not dispersal per se, are limiting their occurrence at management‐relevant scales. Because most studies were on forest landscapes in Europe, particularly the boreal region, more data are needed from nonforested landscapes in which fragmentation effects are likely to be more pronounced. Given the potential for long‐distance dispersal and the logical necessity of habitat area being a more fundamental landscape attribute than the spatial arrangement of habitat patches (i.e., connectivity sensu strict), retaining high‐quality deadwood habitat is more important for saproxylic insects and fungi than explicit connectivity conservation in many cases.     

高速铁路声屏障对居民环境影响的试验研究

以3种结构的高速铁路声屏障为研究对象,测量了高速列车通过有声、无声屏障两种状态下8个测点的声压值,并计算各测点等效连续A计权声压和声屏障的隔声量,结合GB 3096—2008《声环境质量标准》中规定的环境噪声限值进行声屏障结构对高速铁路周边居民的声环境影响评价。试验分析结果表明:声屏障不同程度改善了居民的声环境;由于试验所用的3种结构的声屏障隔声量离一般设计要求(20～25dB)相差太远,使得高速铁路周边环境噪声高于国家标准规定限值;声屏障结构改进应着力提高中低频噪声的隔声量。     

以膨润土为载体的碳酸盐吸收剂对二氧化碳的吸收

采用膨润土为载体,KHCO3为前驱物通过喷雾-干燥法制成固体碳酸钾吸收剂,制成的固体吸收剂粒径大小为0.5—2.0 mm,密度为1.73 g.mL-1.通过K2CO3负载量、吸收温度、吸收时间、床层纵横比等因素考察固体吸收剂对CO2气体的吸收效率及循环反应特性.分析碳酸钾吸收剂对CO2的吸收机理,并与以碳酸氢钠为前驱物制备的吸收剂进行对比,比较两种吸收剂对CO2吸收效果的差异性.通过XRD测试吸收剂吸收反应前后组成的变化,BET多点法测试吸收剂比表面积,扫描电镜观察吸收剂表面形态特征.结果表明,碳酸钾吸收剂和碳酸钠吸收剂对CO2气体均具有较高的吸收量,相比而言碳酸钾吸收剂的碳酸化反应速率较快,而且经过多次循环反应后吸收效果未发生衰减,在60℃—80℃范围内,碳酸钾吸收剂对CO2的吸收能力最佳.