基于日平均养殖量的畜禽养殖排污系数法的改进

传统的畜禽养殖排污系数污染负荷计算方法受养殖规模浮动影响,计算结果精度不高,只能计算整年污染负荷且无法计算某时段污染负荷。在分析传统畜禽产污系数法缺陷的基础上,探讨了日平均养殖量取代年养殖量的计算模式。依据不同类型畜禽养殖的周期特点,提出了各种类型畜禽养殖排污系数污染负荷计算公式和方法。最后,利用2008—2009年天津市宁河县生猪养殖污染负荷计算实例,对比分析了两种计算方法。结果表明,基于日平均养殖量的产污系数计算方法可以有效地减少由于养殖规模波动造成的计算误差,同时还适用于年内某时段污染负荷的计算,克服了传统方法只能以年为计算基本单元的弊端。     

基于试验与数值模拟的采空区氧化带漏风量的反演计算

以六家矿WⅡN16-7综放工作面为试验地点,研究采空区氧化带漏风情况。根据采空区自燃"三带"划分标准和防火注氮技术原理,通过现场实测、数值模拟、实验室试验确定注氮防火基本参数。首先,利用热重试验方法确定采空区惰化防火指标。根据惰化防火指标,通过现场实测和数值模拟的方法分别确定采空区在注氮和不注氮情况下自燃"三带"分布。然后,根据自燃"三带"分布范围,构建氧含量分布数学模型,计算出采空区氧化带混合气体中氧含量的平均值。最后,基于以上参数,通过反演计算得到采空区氧化带漏风量。计算结果表明,采空区氧化带内漏风量为15.12 m3/min,约占总供风量的2.1%。     

水分自然侵入促进含瓦斯煤解吸效应实验研究

为定量研究水分自然侵入对含瓦斯煤解吸促进影响效果,利用自制的“高压吸附-水分自然侵入-数据自动采集”实验系统,对不同水分含量自然侵入含瓦斯煤后的瓦斯压力变化进行了连续监测。结果表明:水分侵入后依靠竞争吸附能置换出吸附瓦斯,从而促进含瓦斯煤瓦斯解吸,其促进效果与煤样含水率相关;当煤样含水率由2%增至12%时,瓦斯置换量由2.18ml/g增至4.48ml/g,瓦斯置换率由11.48%增至23.83%,煤样吸水饱和前,含水率Mad与瓦斯置换量Q和置换率η之间满足Q=1.695Mad/(1+0.3Mad)和η=8.85Mad/(1+0.29Mad)关系模型,煤样吸水饱和时,水分对瓦斯解吸的促进效果达到极限值;工程应用中可利用水分对瓦斯解吸的促进影响效应进一步提高瓦斯抽采率。     

尾矿坝渐溃的尾砂泄流理论模型与泄砂量计算

为了建立适用于工程上运用的尾矿坝漫顶逐渐溃坝的尾砂出流计算模型,利用细颗粒泥沙的悬移质运动形式,及含沙浑水的流态变化,建立了理论泄流模型。同时,根据溃坝过程的不同时期,给出了适宜的溃坝水流的流量计算公式、尾砂颗粒的沉速计算方法、挟沙力的计算方法以及浑水容重的计算式。该计算模型有助于渐溃泄沙量的预测,是尾矿坝漫顶逐渐溃坝模型的重要组成部分。     

不同冲煤量对有效抽采半径的影响规律研究

水力冲孔可通过高压水射流使钻孔孔洞周围煤体形成卸压区,增加煤层透气性,提高抽采效果。不同冲煤量将直接影响孔洞的形态大小和有效抽采半径。以中马村矿为例,通过现场试验、数值模拟等方法分析研究了不同冲煤量对有效抽采半径的影响规律。结果表明:抽采90 d,单位冲煤量为1,1.5,2 t/m的有效抽采半径分别为3.45,3.61,3.88 m与现场得到的结论基本一致。抽采时间一定时,有效抽采半径随着单位冲煤量的增加逐渐增大,但增大趋势逐渐减弱。单位冲煤量一定时,随着抽采时间增加,瓦斯压力逐渐降低,有效抽采半径不断增大。研究结论对优化钻孔布孔参数,提高瓦斯灾害防治效果具有重要意义。     

黄土湿陷过程下埋地油气管道力学行为有限元模拟

针对黄土遇水后湿陷产生陷穴并引起埋地管道悬空这一过程中管道的力学行为,以基于弹塑性地基的黄土湿陷区悬空管道力学模型为基础,从湿陷原因和机理出发,建立三维有限元实体模型,模拟了土体湿陷过程和沉降变形,模拟计算结果与理论值和实测值进行了比对验证;进一步的计算和回归分析得到了管道最大位移、最大von Mises应力与地表土体湿陷沉降量的变化规律,同时也得到了最终湿陷情况下管道的von Mises应力分布和湿陷区范围的影响。结果表明:土体湿陷沉降是管道和土体共同作用的结果,湿陷前期管道与土体一起运动,位移和应力增加较快,而管道下方土体脱离管道产生陷穴后则增长较慢;管道最大位移和土体湿陷沉降量间呈对数函数关系,而管道最大von Mises应力和土体湿陷量呈指数函数关系; 湿陷区管段向下弯曲变形会在3个位置形成应力集中区,湿陷区范围增大会引起管道应力和变形的明显增加,且3个区域的最值分布有所不同。     

气候对我国城市居民氟摄入量的影响

对中国19个城市的供水氟含量与当地居民尿氟含量进行了检测,并对检测当月的平均气候资料和口腔健康资料与之进行相关分析。研究表明,低于18℃的月平均气温对我国城市居民氟的摄入量基本没有影响;当月平均气温高于18℃时,随着气温的升高,我国城市居民氟的摄入量会随饮水量的增加而上升,反映了我国城市居民主要依靠饮用水摄取氟。对于平均相对湿度来说,月平均相对湿度超过80%会对我国城市居民氟的摄入量产生影响。     

便梁施工时铁路轨道安全性试验研究

为了保证列车在铁路便梁施工时安全运行,需要对铁路轨道的安全性进行研究。首先要对列车进行3个阶段的测试,即限速阶段、试验车测试阶段、监测阶段,测试每个阶段中钢轨的内、外轨垂直力和横向力;然后计算出脱轨系数和轮重减载率,测试轨头位移,计算出轨距弹性挤开量。根据试验结果,对行车安全进行评估,同时全过程监控行车安全,为以后铁路便梁施工时提高列车限速、保证列车行车安全提供重要技术参数,具有重要意义。     

Erosion control at construction sites on red clay soils

Five single-treatment methods used to stabilize seeded areas at urban and highway construction sites (asphalt-tacked straw, jute netting, mulch blanket, wood chips, excelsior blanket) were tested for their ability to control erosion of red clay soils by comparisons with exposed sites and multiple treatments. Sediment in runoff from experimental plots was characterized during low and high intensity precipitation from natural rainfall episodes during April, May, and June. Reductions in the total sediment concentration of runoff ranged from 28 percent (asphalt-tacked straw, 50 percent slope) to 90 percent (multiple treatments, 40 percent slope), with 85 percent of the eroded material composed of particles <0.04 mm in diameter. Larger size fractions were effectively reduced by all treatments tested regardless of slope (70 percent decrease). Established grass cover exceeded 90 percent on all plots after 60 days, but sediment release remained similar, attributable to high intensity rainfall, poor establishment of root systems, and piping on plots treated with tacked straw or jute netting. Results indicate that current stabilization methods shift sediment compostion toward a smaller particle size, causing single treatments to be minimally effective for controlling erosion of the major component of red clay soils. Because small particles have the greatest direct effect on aquatic biota, certain impacts of sedimentation may not be measurably lessened by single treatments in regions where red clays predominate even though the total sediment load is reduced by as much as 75 percent. Clearly, a multiple-treatment approach offers significantly greater control of erosion on red clay soils, however, current economic and construction policy represents a substantial deterrent to implementation.     

Costs and benefits of urban erosion and sediment control: The North Carolina experience

The EPA’s new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize urban erosion and sediment pollution control practices nationwide. The public and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina’s program (one of the strongest programs in the country in terms of implementation authority, staffing levels, and comprehensiveness of coverage) are examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating to the likely burden the new best management practices will have on the development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and the feasibility of running a program on a cost recovery basis. We found that urban erosion and sediment control requirements were not particularly burdensome to the development industry (adding about 4% on average to development costs). Public-sector program costs ranged between $2.4 and $4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. Our contingent valuation survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina are willing to pay somewhere between $7.1 and $14.2 million a year to maintain current levels of sediment pollution control. Our benefit-cost analysis suggests that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure is elusive. Lastly, we found that several North Carolina localities have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing. This article is based on research by the authors for the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (DEHNR). The views are those of the research team and do not necessarily reflect the position of DEHNR.