Determination of zinc speciation in basic oxygen furnace flying dust by chemical extractions and X-ray spectroscopy

There is a growing concern regarding the environmental and public health risks associated with airborne particulate matter (PM). The basic oxygen furnace is one of the most important atmospheric dust sources of the steel manufacturing process. It emits dust enriched in heavy metal such as Zn, which is assumed to contribute to the toxic potential of atmospheric PM. Dust collected before and after the filtration system was analyzed to determine Zn speciation. To this end, a variety of analytical tools were used and a sequential extraction protocol has been specifically developed for iron and steel dust. The Zn speciation results obtained by EXAFS and sequential extraction were in excellent agreement. Before filtration, the speciation of Zn in BOF was 43% ZnFe₂O₄, 23% ZnCO₃ and 16% ZnO. The same species were detected after filtration with different proportions. BOF dust after filtration contains more soluble Zn phases which may play a role in the toxic effects of the emissions.     

Organohalogen pollutants in herring from the northern Baltic Sea: concentrations, congener profiles and explanatory factors

Organohalogen contaminants were investigated in Baltic herring caught from three catchment areas in the Baltic Sea, off the coasts of Finland. Pools of both small and large herring were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, naphthalenes, camphenes (toxaphene), polybrominated diphenyl ethers and the pesticide DDT and its metabolites. PCB concentrations per fresh weight in small herring were at the same level in all catchment areas, i.e. the Bothnian Bay, the Bothnian Sea and the Gulf of Finland, revealing no hot spots and reflecting most likely long term emissions and atmospheric deposition. Differences in the levels and/or congener profiles of other contaminants between catchment areas may be explained by point sources. Similar concentrations in small and large herring in the Gulf of Finland were possibly due to their common nutrition. In the other areas, differences between small and large herring most likely reflected their different food sources.     

A method for regional-scale material flow and decoupling analysis: A demonstration case study of Aichi prefecture, Japan

We have developed a method to analyse the annual material flow in a prefecture and have calculated environmental indicators for a prefecture. Material flow analysis (MFA) is important to clarify the structure of a regional society and obtain environmental indicators for a circular society. However, MFA has not advanced in local governments because of few local statistics. We have developed a method to analyse the annual material flow in Aichi prefecture from 1980 to 2000 using an input–output (I–O) table and statistics of Aichi. We have verified the accuracy of this method by comparing its results for 2000 which calculated on the basis of official I–O table for 1995 with the I–O table data for 2000; the correlation coefficient obtained in this case is greater than 0.95. Moreover, by performing MFA, we have estimated the resource consumption and decoupling indicator of each industry in Aichi prefecture from 1980 to 2000. We could obtain more detailed and accurate environmental indicators by using our method. From these results, we could estimate the progress of Aichi prefecture towards a circular society.     

循环经济评价指标体系分析

建立循环经济评价指标体系是评判循环经济发展质量的主要依据。循环经济的发展涵盖自然、社会、经济等各个方面。在综合分析经济、环境和社会指标的基础上，提出了评判循环经济发展状况的综合指标——循环经济发展度。通过对循环经济评价指标的筛选，确定由经济、环境、社会三个方面的43个指标构成循环经济发展度。最后介绍了循环经济评价结果的计算方法。     

新疆塔里木河流域生态脆弱带的环境质量综合评价

塔里木河流域是我国生态环境脆弱地区之一,流域内的不同区域,由于物质及能量匹配上不够协调,宏观上表现出不同的脆弱性特征.依据生态环境质量评价的有关原则,结合塔河流域生态环境的实际情况,筛选出20个指标,建立生态环境综合评价的指标体系.通过构建生态脆弱性指数,综合地反映了塔河流域生态环境质量的优劣程度.结果表明,阿克苏河流域属于生态环境改善区,叶尔羌河流域及塔河上游属于生态环境基本平衡区,和田河流域及塔河中游属于生态环境失调区,而塔河下游属于生态环境严重受损区,评价结果符合实际情况,对指导流域生态环境建设具有重要意义.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

耕地质量监测中合理样本量配置及不确定性分析——以陕西省宝鸡市为例

耕地质量监测样本量的优化配置对降低成本,实现可持续土地资源监测与利用有重要指导价值。以陕西省宝鸡市为例,采用2018年耕地质量监测数据,运用传统统计学和地统计学方法,探讨耕地质量监测中土壤监测指标的合理样本量及不确定性。研究表明：样本变异性大小与样本量的关系并不是绝对的。样本代表性评价方法和地统计学方法较Cochran方法能有效降低样本的不确定性;样本代表性评价法适用性更广,但研究结果缺乏稳定性;地统计学方法的适用性存在局限性,可降低中等变异性指标的不确定性,但对低、高变异性指标适用性较低。中等变异性指标宜采用地统计学方法确定合理样本量;低、高变异性指标宜采用代表性评价方法确定合理样本量。     

面向国土空间应急安全保障的控制性详细规划指标体系构建——以应对突发公共卫生事件为例

为了满足国土空间规划体系的建设和应对突发公共卫生事件,城市控制性详细规划指标和管理体系需要改革。在深入分析现有控规管理对国土空间应急安全保障方面的响应与不足的基础上,增加了“预防+应急”的控规管理工作路径并构建指标实施体系。“预防”是指通过空间环境的塑造来提高城市韧性,增强城市抵御不确定性风险的能力。“预防”主要方法是： （1）将健康城市理念融入控规指标体系;（2）缩小控规单元管理规模,形成从编制单元到地块单元的空间传导体系。“应急”是在应对突发公共卫生事件发生时,通过控规管理首先保障城市生命系统的可持续性;通过控规对部分土地兼容性的引导及对应急设施、通道、空间的布局来满足防疫需要。     

长期贮存枪械性能综合评定方法

目的研究长期贮存枪械性能综合评定方法。方法综合调研,研究建立枪械长期贮存性能综合评定指标体系,依据指标体系,确定数据采集项目,获得枪械长贮性能基础数据,结合失效阈值与贮存寿命指标,综合评估枪械贮存性能。结果形成的评定方法包括评定原理、合格判据、指导原则、评定步骤等4个方面。结论该方法适用于新研枪械的长贮环境适应性设计与改进、长贮枪械的寿命指标考核与验证。     

家电产品有毒有害性分析方法研究

采用回收设计方法进行家电产品设计,可在一定程度上缓解能源、资源紧张问题。将产品的有毒有害性含量作为回收设计环节中的评价指标,可在设计环节快速反映产品的环境影响。针对国内MSDS数据库信息不完备的问题,采用熵权层次分析法进行信息处理,计算产品有毒有害性;结合产品回收方法和产品标识度对产品回收性能进行综合评价;最后以空调室内机蒸发器为实例进行了验证和分析。