天津市区表层土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC/ECD分析、GC/MS验证的方法测定了天津市区41个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品中84种PCB异构体. 结果表明:w(PCBs)为0.82~8.86 ng/g,平均值为3.56 ng/g,其中工业区>路边绿化带>公园. 7种PCB指示异构体的浓度(以w计)范围为0.08~2.05 ng/g,占总量的22.89%,与w(PCBs)具有较好的相关性(R=0.74,P<0.000 1). 5氯联苯和3氯联苯是主要的异构体,分别占总量的28.30%和22.14%. 浓度位居前10位的异构体分别是PCB31/28、PCB201、PCB6、PCB84、PCB92、PCB101、PCB16/32、PCB89、PCB180和PCB12/13. 主成分分析显示,国产变压器油与电容器油、Aro1242、Aro1248、Aro1254、A30和KC300以及现有工业的排放是天津市区表层土壤中PCBs的主要来源. 关键词:多氯联苯(PCBs); 表层土壤; PCB指示异构体; 异构体      

汀江流域水环境安全评估

基于汀江流域的特点和水环境安全形势,从资源开发利用、水污染物排放、生态环境状况和环境质量状况等方面构建水环境安全评价指标体系,引入全排列多边形图示指标法构建评价模型,对汀江流域面积大于500km2的干流和主要支流的水环境安全进行了评价. 结果表明:2006年汀江流域水环境安全的优劣顺序依次为汀江干流、桃溪河、中山河、濯田河、旧县河、黄潭河、芦溪、金丰溪、永定河、长汀河.汀江最上游的长汀河水环境安全形势最严峻,单独汇入广东韩江的芦溪、金丰溪及汇入汀江干流后即入韩江的黄潭河、永定河的水环境安全综合指数均较低,对汀江下游水环境安全构成较大威胁.      

Remobilization of selected metal ions from Nile sediment (Egypt) according to sequential extraction and metal–EDTA complex

River sediments are basic components of our environment, providing nutrients for living organisms and serving as sinks for deleterious chemical species. The metal contents may be remobilized and released back into waters with changes in environmental conditions, thus affecting living organisms and human activities. This paper aims to determine the effect of a synthetic anthropogenic chelating agent (EDTA) as industrial discharges on the remobilization of several metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in River Nile sediments (at Aswan and Mansoura cities) under different concentrations and pH values, and to investigate the influence of metal–EDTA complexes on this remobilization. For these purposes, sequential extraction and experiments on the effect of pH and metal EDTA complex were carried out on the two representative sediment samples south and north of the River Nile in Egypt. The results of sequential extraction show that most of metal contents present in the residual form (Cu, 11.36–72.34%; Pb, 29.64–66.67%; and Zn, 43.76–50.09% at Aswan and Mansoura, respectively). Non-residual fractions which may be available for the remobilization by EDTA represented anthropogenic (industrial, agriculture, and domestic discharges) and lithiopogenic (metals bound to Fe and Mn oxides) sources. A clear increase was detected for Cu and Zn remobilization from the increase in EDTA concentrations, in contrast, Cd independent of the EDTA concentration and slight influence on Pb content. The remobilization of metals as a function of pH exhibited. The metals were greatly remobilized under the complexing action of EDTA, showing that some of these elements were adsorbed on the sediments. The remobilization rate of metals was dependent upon the added metal–EDTA complex (with the exchange rate being in the order Ca–EDTA>Zn–EDTA>Cd–EDTA>Cu–EDTA>Pb–EDTA), due to the stability constant of the metal–EDTA complex. The results of these experiments showed that heavy metals are greatly remobilized under the complexing action of EDTA when it is present in excess, so all precautions should be taken to prevent any wastewater containing EDTA or any chelating agents discharging directly or indirectly via the River Nile stream because most EDTA remains in the aquatic phase. The ability of this portion to remobilize metals from sediments should be taken into account.     

Fish as an indicator of aquatic environment: Multielemental neutron activation analysis of nutrient and pollutant elements in fish from Indian coastal areas

Fish is the main food in coastal areas and its analysis for toxic metals has been used as an indicator of the pollution status of the aquatic environment. Several different fish species from the three Indian coasts, Visakhapatnam in the east, Mumbai in the west and Mangalore in the south west and also inland freshwater fish from Nagpur in the central region for comparison were analyzed for up to 20 elements (As, Au, Ba, Br, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Zn) by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Dried fish samples in powdered form were irradiated with thermal neutrons in a nuclear reactor followed by high resolution gamma ray spectrometry at different intervals. Several Reference Materials (RMs) of biological origin were analyzed for quality assurance and data validation. Elemental contents in different fish species vary in a wide range depending on the species, its size, location, and aquatic environment. Fish from Mangalore showed highest mean contents of Cr (14.8?±?29.9?µg?g^?1), Cu (1005?±?643?µg?g^?1) and Sb (849?±?888?ng?g^?1) whereas those from Mumbai exhibited highest Hg (2066?±?2146?ng?g^?1) and P (20.3?±?4.63?µg?g^?1) but lowest Cu (6.30?±?3.10?µg?g^?1) contents. Fish from all the regions showed significant amounts of nutrient elements such as Na, K, P, Mn, Fe, Se and Zn as well as some pollutant elements (Br, Cr, Sb, Hg). No regularity in variation of elemental contents with the size was observed. Prawn (Panaeus latisulcatus), a popular fish species from four different regions showed wide variation in elemental contents of Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Se, P including toxic pollutants, Sb and Hg. An attempt has been made to calculate daily dietary intake (DDI) for some nutrient elements from Indian fish. Elemental data for Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Se, and Zn have been compared with those from other fish exporting countries.     

Are we leaving the community out of rural community sustainability?

SUMMARY

The Rio Earth Summit and publication and distribution of Agenda 21 (UN, 1992) have generated much activity in many nations towards development and implementation of community indicators of sustainable development (SI). In recent years efforts at development and implementation of SI have intensified at regional and urban government levels, although fewer efforts are evident at a rural community level. In response to initial ad hoc efforts, methodologies for SI construction are currently being proposed, tested and refined. Within this evolutionary process, increasing recognition is being given to the critical need for, and importance of, ‘stakeholder’ involvement in SI development and implementation. This paper critically reviews these and related efforts from the perspective of rural communities in Canada. The argument is presented that the process of development and implementation of rural community-level SI can significantly benefit from development and implementation of a methodological approach in support of principles and practices of effective stakeholder involvement. It is further argued that development of SI must be stakeholder-driven, and that a pivotal element in the SI development process is the facilitation of information sharing. The paper concludes with a proposal for an approach to stakeholder participation and information sharing achieved through research, testing and refinement, and integration of these concepts within the process of rural community sustainable indicator development.     

Modeling effects of a tidal barrage on water quality indicator distribution in the Severn Estuary

In this study, emphasis has focused on assessing the potential hydro-environmental impacts of a barrage across the Severn Estuary, with a numerical model being developed and applied to the estuary to assess the impacts of proposed Severn Barrage on the hydrodynamic, sediment transport and faecal indicator organism distribution within the estuary. The results show that the Severn Barrage has the potential to reduce the tidal currents in a highly dynamic estuary. This leads to the reduction of suspended sediment concentrations, which in turn affects the bacterial transport processes which is highly related to the sediment transport processes.     

三峡库区小城镇污水处理工艺现状调查

通过对三峡库区重庆段小城镇10家污水处理厂处理工艺和运行效果的调查,针对库区情况,分析比较了所调研污水处理厂使用工艺的处理效果、运行稳定性、自控要求、二次污染(剩余污泥产量)等技术指标以及建设投资、占地面积、处理成本、能耗等经济指标。对三峡库区小城镇排水工程规划建设,污水处理工艺的选择与开发,污水处理方案的优化提出明确的技术经济指标和建议。     

循环经济评价体系的构建

循环经济评价指标体系的构建,是促进循环经济理论体系建设的需要,也是促进循环经济从先进理念发展成现实经济运行模式的需要。因此,必须以循环经济和生态经济学理论为基础,依据循环经济的理论内涵和主要目标,遵循循环经济的评价目标和评价体系的构建原则,加速构建起科学可行的循环经济评价指标体系     

厚荚相思和尾叶桉人工林土壤线虫群落研究

相思树和桉树等树种因其生长迅速、耐性好以及适合制作纸浆等特点,近年来在华南地区大面积种植,带来了巨大的经济利益,但是相思树和桉树如何影响林下土壤生物多样性和土壤肥力还不清楚,科学评价其林下土壤健康水平十分必要。土壤线虫的种类和数量十分丰富,在土壤食物网各营养级中占据重要位置,对土壤环境变化反应敏感,作为土壤健康的指示生物被广泛应用。本文以幼龄厚荚相思 Acacia crassicapa和尾叶桉 Eucalyptus urophylla人工林为研究对象,于干季和湿季分别对2个林分根区和非根区土壤线虫进行研究,探讨土壤线虫这种指示生物的数量、各营养类群比例和多样性的变化规律,以及它们和环境因子的关系。主要结果表明：（1）厚荚相思土壤线虫总数为每公斤干土6741条,显著高于尾叶桉线虫总数的28.3%。厚荚相思人工林土壤食细菌线虫的百分比相比尾叶桉人工林高6.3%,且差异显著。（2）土壤线虫的群落组成变化具有明显的季节波动,湿季土壤食细菌线虫比例上升,而植物寄生线虫的比例下降,多样性指数由干季的0.87减小到0.75,统计差异均达到了显著水平。（3）根区比非根区显著提高了线虫数量的89.1%,这是由根区积累更多的有机碳和总氮引起的。总之,厚荚相思人工林为土壤自由生活线虫提供了优良环境,且在幼龄期没有表现出土壤酸化,生态效应优于尾叶桉人工林,在华南地区人工林营林过程中可适当增加厚荚相思林分面积。     

规划环境影响评价指标体系初探及实证研究

规划环境影响评价指标体系的建立是保证规划环境影响评价贯彻实施的重要前提,发展和完善规划环境影响评价方法学体系,形成一个科学、合理和实用的评价指标体系具有十分重要的意义。在借鉴国内外关于规划环境影响评价理论及指标体系的研究成果和实践经验,采用理论分析与实例验证相结合的方法,以兰州市皋兰县三川口工业集中区发展规划环评为例,并结合当地自然环境、社会环境特征,基于SWOT分析和DPSIR模式,从环境、生态、资源与能源利用和社会经济方面,构建可行的规划环评指标体系。并运用层次分析法分析确定评价指标的权重,利用综合指数法对规划实施的环境影响进行综合评价。以期为规划环评指标体系的构建提供有益的借鉴。