Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.     

基于生理信号的驾驶疲劳综合指标试验研究

研究驾驶过程中随着疲劳的产生驾驶员生理信号的变化规律,提取反映驾驶疲劳程度的综合指标。采用驾驶模拟器对20名被试进行驾驶模拟试验,用MP150多导生理仪实时采集并记录驾驶员在60 min驾驶任务过程中的心电信号、脑电信号、肌肉电阻信号、皮肤温度信号和呼吸频率信号。运用R软件对数据进行线性回归分析,对比一般回归分析,逐步线性回归分析克服了一般回归分析许多变量不显著的缺点,得到了最优的驾驶综合指标方程,确定了与各项指标相关的驾驶疲劳评价综合指标,并通过3名被试模拟驾驶试验验证了综合指标作为评价驾驶疲劳的有效性。     

山东省典型金矿区土壤重金属空间特征分析与环境风险评估

以山东省典型金矿区——焦家式金矿带为研究区,系统采集了77个表层土壤样品并对Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的含量进行了测定;采用空间统计分析方法对重金属的空间变异结构、分布规律及潜在污染风险进行了研究.Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的平均含量分别为19.41、27.32、49.81和39.27 mg·kg-1.半方差函数拟合表明Cu和Pb属于中等空间自相关,空间分布呈岛状;而Zn和Cr为结构性空间变异,受自然因素的控制,空间分布呈带状和岛状.热点分析与指示克里金插值结果表明,金城镇、辛庄镇与蚕庄镇的交界地带重金属环境风险较高,南部则为安全区,其中Pb的超标概率最大且中高风险区分布范围广泛.研究结果可为研究区土壤重金属污染评价和调控提供参考和依据.     

火化机中二（口恶）英的排放特征和指示物的研究

综合分析了所测的遗体火化炉的36个样品和文献中41组数据中二(口恶)英（PCDD/Fs）化合物的排放指纹特征,分析了不同单体与毒性当量浓度I-TEQ的相关性,提出了适合火化炉的I-TEQ指示物,为以后实现在线监测PCDD/Fs提供依据.结果表明,本次监测样品的毒性当量浓度跨度较大,为0.014~24.0 ng·m^-3（以I-TEQ计,下同）,平均值为2.68 ng·m^-3.所有新建火化炉的结果均低于0.5 ng·m^-3,75%的旧炉超过2017年7月1日开始执行的新标准限值,表明现有部分老旧火化炉及其尾气处理设施亟需技术改造才能满足新要求.体积分数最高的单体依次为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD,分别为16.7%±11.8%、12.1%±4.4%和11.9%±4.2%.对I-TEQ的贡献率最大的单体为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,且PCDFs与PCDDs的毒性当量浓度比值,即ρ（PCDFs/PCDDs）> 1.四、五、六氯代二(口恶)英和呋喃与I-TEQ具有显著的线性相关性,其中,1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF、2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF和1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD与I-TEQ的相关系数r大于0.89.与I-TEQ线性关系最佳的单体为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,R²为0.97,斜率为2.36;最佳的同类物为PeCDF,R²为0.97,斜率为2.22.     

中西部地区生态文明建设水平综合评价与空间分异研究

在遵循综合性、可比性、科学性、典型性、系统性和客观性原则基础上,构建了生态文明建设综合评价指标体系,使用2013年统计数据,对中西部地区生态文明建设状况进行综合评价和聚类分析.研究结果表明：中西部省份的生态文明建设情况可以划分为三种类型,即低度均衡型、相对薄弱型、相对均衡型;相比而言,在空间分布上,生态文明建设水平相对较好的省份大多位于中部地区;而生态文明建设水平相对较弱的省份大多位于西北部和南部地区.     

Research on Indicator System of Regional Eco-efficiency:A Case Study of Chengyang District

Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes. Despite the popularity of the term “eeo-efficiency“ in business, limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers. Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency, an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study. The indicator system comprises 22 indicators, which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development, resources consumption,environmental pressure. As a promising statistical technique,principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao‘s Chengyang District. The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1% with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003. Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends. The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979, which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources. The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997, due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years. Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production, so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability. The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.     

Do female bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) mate multiply to improve on previous mates?

Contrary to classical sexual selection theories, females of many taxa mate with multiple males during one reproductive cycle. In this study, we conducted an experiment on the “trade-up hypothesis”, which proposes that females remate if a subsequently encountered male is potentially superior to previous mates to maximize the genetic quality of their offspring. We presented bank vole females (Clethrionomys glareolus) sequentially with two males of known dominance rank in different orders, i.e., either first subordinate and second dominant, first dominant and second subordinate, or two males that were equal in dominance (high ranking) and observed their mating behavior. We found that 92% of the females mated multiply and did not base their remating decision on male social status. Therefore, polyandry cannot be explained by the “trade-up hypothesis” based on dominance rank in this species. However, we found that dominant males sired significantly more offspring than subordinate males. This varied according to mating order: dominant males sired more offspring when they were second than when they were first. Moreover, litter sizes were significantly smaller when the dominant male was first (smallest relative success of dominant males) compared to litter sizes when mating order was reversed or both males equal in status. Our results suggest that even though multimale mating includes males that are of poorer quality and thus potentially decreases the fitness of offspring, most of a female’s offspring are sired by dominant males. Whether this is due to cryptic female choice, sperm competition, or a combination of both, remains to be tested.     

Sources and Distribution of Heavy Metals in East China Sea Surface Sediments

Box cores and surficial sediments collected from the shelf, slope and Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea were analyzed for loss on ignition, and concentration and speciation of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. in general, concentrations of these metals are higher in the inner shelf and lower in the midshelf, but the highest LOI, Cd and Mn levels are found in the Okinawa Trough. Spatial distributions of these metals in surficial sediments indicate that the Yangtze River is the major source for materials deposited in the inner shelf. the results of a six-stage sequential leaching experiment indicate that the fluvial input includes natural (e.g., Al and Fe) and anthropogenic (e.g., Pb) materials. the depletion concentration of these metals in the midshelf sediments reflects the dominance (∼ 70%) of coarse, relict sand, while the enrichments in the inner shelf and the Okinawa Trough sediments are due to the fine grained, organic-rich sediments. the speciation of Mn in the sediments of the Okinawa Trough indicates that its distribution is diagentically or hydrothermally controlled.     

基于SEM的建筑施工企业KPI安全绩效评价

鉴于建筑施工企业生产安全和服务质量管理以及企业员工综合素质和工作效率的重要性,探讨影响建筑施工企业安全生产的因素,并对建筑施工企业的安全绩效进行全面、客观的评价。采用关键绩效指标(KPI)建立基于人的因素、管理制度、施工设备和环境条件四维度的建筑施工企业安全绩效评价指标体系,研究将结构方程模型理论引入到评价体系中,构建安全绩效评价的结构方程模型(SEM)。总结评价的一般程序,并结合实例,从定量的角度对某建筑施工企业安全绩效进行评价。结果表明,KPI评价体系和SEM评价模型评估得出建筑企业安全绩效影响因素的程度是:人的因素>管理制度>环境条件>施工设备。     

Accounting for Complementarity to Maximize Monitoring Power for Species Management

To choose among conservation actions that may benefit many species, managers need to monitor the consequences of those actions. Decisions about which species to monitor from a suite of different species being managed are hindered by natural variability in populations and uncertainty in several factors: the ability of the monitoring to detect a change, the likelihood of the management action being successful for a species, and how representative species are of one another. However, the literature provides little guidance about how to account for these uncertainties when deciding which species to monitor to determine whether the management actions are delivering outcomes. We devised an approach that applies decision science and selects the best complementary suite of species to monitor to meet specific conservation objectives. We created an index for indicator selection that accounts for the likelihood of successfully detecting a real trend due to a management action and whether that signal provides information about other species. We illustrated the benefit of our approach by analyzing a monitoring program for invasive predator management aimed at recovering 14 native Australian mammals of conservation concern. Our method selected the species that provided more monitoring power at lower cost relative to the current strategy and traditional approaches that consider only a subset of the important considerations. Our benefit function accounted for natural variability in species growth rates, uncertainty in the responses of species to the prescribed action, and how well species represent others. Monitoring programs that ignore uncertainty, likelihood of detecting change, and complementarity between species will be more costly and less efficient and may waste funding that could otherwise be used for management. Contabilización de la Complementariedad para Maximizar el Poder de Monitoreo para el Manejo de Especies