环境影响评价中的清洁生产指标体系

将清洁生产概念引入到环境影响评价中,并使其具体化,提出了用于环境影响评价的清洁生产指标体系,包括资源利用、能源利用、水重复利用、污染物产生与削减等２０余项指标。     

小流域水土保持综合治理效益指标体系及其应用

在分析总结已有水土保持综合治理效益评价指标与方法的基础上,结合黄土高原沟壑区自然、经济、社会条件及治理特点,遴选了9个评价指标,并采用层次分析的方法对两个典型小流域的效益进行了评价。     

Sequential sampling: A cost-effective approach for monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in environmental impact assessments

Sequential sampling is a method for monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates that can significantly reduce the number of samples required to reach a decision, and consequently, decrease the cost of benthic sampling in environmental impact assessments.Rather than depending on a fixed number of samples, this analysis cumulatively compares measured parameter values (for example, density, community diversity) from individual samples, with thresholds that are based on specified degrees of precision.In addition to reducing sample size, a monitoring program based on sequential sampling can provide clear-cut decisions as to whethera priori-defined changes in the measured parameter(s) have or have not occurred. As examples, sequential sampling programs have been developed to evaluate the impact of geothermal energy development on benthic macroinvertebrate diversity at The Geysers, California, and for monitoring the impact of crude oil contamination on chironomid midge [Cricotopus bicinctus (Meigen) andC. mackenziensis Oliver] population densities in the Trail River, Northwest Territories, Canada.     

Influence of soil pH on the fractionation of Cr, Cu and Zn in solid phases from a landfill site

The spatial variability of soil pH for engineered Weathered Oxford Clay is described using 35 samples collected from the base of a new cell in an existing landfill. Soil pH variability influences the reactivity of Cr, Cu and Zn in the site. The reactivity of these metals as natural components was determined using a sequential extraction method. The total concentration of Cr, Cu and Zn and the mineralogical composition were also determined. The results showed that due to the presence of a layer rich in pyrite in the base, a natural acidification may occur which can produce a soil pH as low as 2.7. The spatial variability of soil pH in this area has been described with an anisotropical variogram model and the estimation of its values at unsampled locations was carried out using the ordinary kriging algorithm. From the spatial modelling of the soil pH, it was found that the metals in the soil solid phases follow a similar distribution.     

Fate of mercury in flue gas desulfurization gypsum determined by Temperature Programmed Decomposition and Sequential Chemical Extraction

A considerable amount of Hg is retained in flue gas desulfurization(FGD) gypsum from Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization(WFGD) systems. For this reason, it is important to determine the species of Hg in FGD gypsum not only to understand the mechanism of Hg removal by WFGD systems but also to determine the final fate of Hg when FGD gypsum is disposed. In this study, Temperature Programmed Decomposition(TPD) and Sequential Chemical Extraction(SCE) were applied to FGD gypsum to identify the Hg species in it. The FGD gypsum samples were collected from seven coal-fired power plants in China, with Hg concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 3.27 μg/g. A series of pure Hg compounds were used as reference materials in TPD experiments and the results revealed that the decomposition temperatures of different Hg compounds increase in the order of Hg_2Cl_2 HgCl_2 black HgS Hg_2SO_4 red HgS HgO HgSO_4. The Hg compounds existing in FGD gypsums identified by TPD included HgCl_2, Hg_2Cl_2, Hg_2SO_4, black HgS and red HgS, of which mercury sulfides were the primary compounds. The results of SCE indicated that Hg was mainly distributed in the strongly complexed phase. The low Hg content in FGD gypsum increases the ambiguity of assigning extraction fractions to certain Hg species by SCE. The fact that the primary compounds in FGD gypsum are HgS phases leads the leaching of Hg in the natural environment to be quite low, but a considerable amount of Hg may be released during the industrial heating process.     

中国“十四五”绿色消费衡量指标体系构建与战略展望

“十四五”期间,消费领域的绿色转型对推动经济社会整体绿色转型意义重大。本文通过借鉴国内外绿色消费衡量指标的理论研究与实践经验,探索构建了反映消费产品、消费行为、消费结果绿色,同时又涵盖衣、食、住、用、行等当前消费重点领域的绿色消费衡量指标体系。在此基础上,对绿色消费的现实状况以及变化趋势进行了分析,提出了“十四五”中国推动绿色消费的战略展望,为“十四五”时期中国推进绿色消费工作提供宏观决策参考。     

基于G1法城市燃气事故应急能力评价研究

燃气事故应急能力水平的高低是控制燃气事故发展、减少社会损失,保障城市安全的关键。因此,对城市应对燃气事故的应急能力进行综合评价十分重要。笔者首先对城市燃气事故应急能力评价指标体系进行研究,结合天津市实际情况,将影响燃气事故应急能力因素分为两级,建立燃气事故应急能力指标评价体系。然后首次将G1法应用于燃气管事故应急能力的评价上,对所建立的应急能力指标评价体系进行评价,结果显示：所建立燃气事故应急能力指标评价体系涵盖范围广,能够充分反映当前天津市燃气事故应急能力相关评价指标,运用Gl法所评价的结果经验证,客观的反映了当前的燃气事故应急水平。     

民航机务维修系统安全风险监测

从人的因素、飞机的因素、环境因素和管理因素4方面分析了民航机务维修系统安全风险影响因素,结合专家调查意见建立了机务维修系统安全风险监测指标体系,并给出各个指标的含义及其衡量方法。根据机务维修系统安全风险指标及其数据特点,建立了行业机务维修系统安全风险模糊综合评价模型,并进行实例分析。结果表明,采用笔者建立的指标体系和风险模型可以方便地进行机务维修系统的安全风险评价和预警,从而找出主要的安全风险影响因素,为采取安全风险管理措施提供依据。     

作业场所职业危害统计指标筛选研究

建立科学、实用的作业场所职业危害统计指标对准确收集职业危害数据,为监管决策提供依据具有重要意义。本研究通过变异系数法、相关系数法、聚类分析、主成分分析法等数理统计学方法对5类65项待筛选统计指标进行筛选,选择次数较多的统计指标,并开展应用试点研究,最终确定入选指标。入选指标符合科学、必要和可行的原则,可用于评价各地作业场所职业危害状况。     

Trace metal dynamics in an industrialized Brazilian river: A combined application of Zn isotopes, geochemical partitioning, and multivariate statistics

The Paraiba do Sul (PSR) and Guandu Rivers (GR) water diversion system (120 km long) is located in the main industrial pole of Brazil and supplies drinking water for 9.4 million people in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. This study aims to discern the trace metals dynamics in this complex aquatic system. We used a combined approach of geochemical tools such as geochemical partitioning, Zn isotopes signatures, and multivariate statistics. Zinc and Pb concentrations in Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and sediments were considerably higher in some sites. The sediment partition of As, Cr, and Cu revealed the residual fraction (F4) as the main fraction for these elements, indicating low mobility. Zinc and Pb were mostly associated with the exchangeable/carbonate (F1) and the reducible (F2) fractions, respectively, implying a higher susceptibility of these elements to being released from sediments. Zinc isotopic compositions of sediments and SPM fell in a binary mixing source process between lithogenic (δ^66/64Zn_JMC ≈ + 0.30‰) and anthropogenic (δ^66/64Zn_JMC ≈ + 0.15‰) end members. The lighter δ^66/64Zn_JMC values accompanied by high Zn concentrations in exchangeable/carbonate fraction (ZnF1) enable the tracking of Zn anthropogenic sources in the studied rivers. Overall, the results indicated that Hg, Pb, and Zn had a dominant anthropogenic origin linked to the industrial activities, while As, Cr, and Cu were mainly associated with lithogenic sources. This work demonstrates how integrating geochemical tools is valuable for assessing geochemical processes and mixing source effects in anthropized river watersheds.