石化园区规划环评指标体系及评价重点初探——以广东省某石化工业区为例

由于石化园区规划涉及环境问题广泛、复杂,因此,在开展规划环评过程中需要着重关注的内容与其他园区的环评侧重点有所区别。本文以某石化固区规划环评为例,根据石化园区的行业特点,在总结国内相关研究的基础上,提出了适合该石化园区的规划环境影响指标体系和规划环评中应重点关注的问题。     

我国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价研究

城镇污水处理厂的运行效果直接影响工业和生活污染源的污染物排放削减控制水平,根据《城镇污水处理厂运营质量评价标准》,从污水处理厂运行、污染物削减、能源消耗和资源利用情况4个方面探讨了全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价方法,并结合第二次全国污染源普查结果,对全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效进行了评价.结果表明:2017年全国8 550家城镇污水处理厂环境绩效平均得分为60.6分,有45.4%的城镇污水处理厂等级评价为较差,有50.9%在一般和较好等级范围内,仅有3.6%的城镇污水处理厂为良好和优秀等级.采用活性污泥法处理工艺、设计处理规模大以及位于华北、东北地区的城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效总体表现较好.59.3%、60.8%的城镇污水处理厂分别在污水处理厂运行和污染物削减情况的得分高于全国平均值,52.4%、81.6%的城镇污水处理厂在污水处理能耗和资源再生利用情况的得分均低于全国平均值.研究显示,相较于污水处理厂运行情况、污染物削减情况,全国城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效水平受能源消耗和资源利用情况的影响较大,建议从提高化学需氧量的进水浓度、实施工艺升级改造、加强再生水利用等方面入手,以提升城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效.      

海州湾潮间带沙蚕对沉积物微塑料的指示作用

2018年7月于海州湾潮滩设置3个断面共9个站位,通过对海州湾潮滩沉积物中以及沙蚕体内微塑料的丰度和形态特征的研究,探讨了沙蚕体内微塑料的来源,以及沙蚕对潮滩沉积物微塑料的指示作用.结果表明,潮滩沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度为（0.49±0.17） n·g^-1,处于国内近岸环境研究的较高水平.所有检测到的微塑料中,最为丰富的形态和颜色类型分别为纤维和黑灰色,材质以聚乙烯（polyethylene,PE）、聚酯纤维（polyester,PET）和聚苯乙烯（polystyrene,PS）为主.沙蚕中微塑料检出率为77.78%~86.67%,平均丰度为（6.68±2.21） n·ind^-1,其丰度与个体质量显著正相关（r=0.42,P=0.002）,个体质量1.5 g以上的沙蚕中微塑料丰度显著高于<0.5 g和0.5~1 g两个组别（F₃=141.029,P=0.000）,微塑料形态以黑色或蓝色小纤维为主,主要材质同样为聚乙烯和聚酯纤维.通过对0~3 mm范围内的微塑料各项特征分析发现,沉积物与沙蚕中的微塑料丰度强相关（r=0.79,P=0.01）,其主要形态组成（r=0.90,P=0.035）和材质组成（r=0.73,P=0.024）同样显著相关,表明沙蚕会摄取沉积环境中的微塑料,存在与沉积物之间的微塑料交换,沙蚕作为沉积物中微塑料污染指示生物物种是可行的.     

大庆石化空气污染区树木叶片内蛋白质、核酸、游离氨基酸及过氧化物酶同工酶含量的变化

石化空气污染区树木叶片内的蛋白质、核酸、游离氨基酸及过氧化物酶同工酶含量较对照区有明显的变化,变化 幅度小的树木的抗污染能力强,变化幅度大的抗污能力弱。其中蛋白质、核酸含量表现出降低,游离氨基酸和过氧化物酶同工酶含量升高。供试的几种绿化树木抗污能力由强至弱依次为云杉、旱垂柳、中东杨、白榆、丁香、白蜡槭。     

Potential bioavailability of mercury in humus-coated clay minerals

It is well-known that both clay and organic matter in soils play a key role in mercury biogeochemistry, while their combined effect is less studied. In this study, kaolinite, vermiculite, and montmorillonite were coated or not with humus, and spiked with inorganic mercury (IHg) or methylmercury (MeHg). The potential bioavailability of mercury to plants or deposit-feeders was assessed by CaCl₂ or bovine serum albumin (BSA) extraction. For uncoated clay, IHg or MeHg extraction was generally lower in montmorillonite, due to its greater number of functional groups. Humus coating increased partitioning of IHg (0.5%–13.7%) and MeHg (0.8%–52.9%) in clay, because clay-sorbed humus provided more strong binding sites for mercury. Furthermore, humus coating led to a decrease in IHg (3.0%–59.8% for CaCl₂ and 2.1%–5.0% for BSA) and MeHg (8.9%–74.6% for CaCl₂ and 0.5%–8.2% for BSA) extraction, due to strong binding between mercury and clay-sorbed humus. Among various humus-coated clay particles, mercury extraction by CaCl₂ (mainly through cation exchange) was lowest in humus-coated vermiculite, explained by the strong binding between humus and vermiculite. The inhibitory effect of humus on mercury bioavailability was also evidenced by the negative relationship between mercury extraction by CaCl₂ and mercury in the organo-complexed fraction. In contrast, extraction of mercury by BSA (principally through complexation) was lowest in humus-coated montmorillonite. This was because BSA itself could be extensively sorbed onto montmorillonite. Results suggested that humus-coated clay could substantially decrease the potential bioavailability of mercury in soils, which should be considered when assessing risk in mercury-contaminated soils.     

平江县生态弹性度定量分析评价研究

根据生态弹性力的概念,体会其深刻内涵及意义,根据区域实际情况,科学合理的构建平江县生态系统弹性力评价指标体系,运用综合评价的方法计算分析平江县生态系统弹性力,结果显示从2008年至2013年间,平江县生态系统弹性力呈下降趋势,主要原因是水资源总量下降,并对之后生态系统可持续发展和经济发展提出建议.     

环境影响评价中清洁生产分析要点及方法

通过实施清洁生产,不仅可以减少甚至消除污染物的排放,而且能够节约大量能源和原材料、降低废物处理和处置费用,从而在经济上有助于提高生产效率和产品质量,降低生产成本,使产品在市场上具有竞争力。清洁生产的污染预防思想是一种“源头控制”的环境战略,将清洁生产的内容纳入环境影响评价中,将提高环境影响评价的作用,有利于项目采用资源利用率高和产生少量污染物的技术、工艺和设备。因此,清洁生产理论可促进环境影响评价进一步拓展和深化,避免环境影响评价失去真实性、有效性。同时,清洁生产分析可以强化人们的环保措施,提高人们的环保意识。     

Modeling of spatial and temporal variations of ozone-NOx-VOC sensitivity based on photochemical indicators in China

Comprehensive air quality model with extensions (CAMx)-decoupled direct method (DDM) was used to simulate ozone-NO_x-VOCs sensitivity of for May–November in 2016–2018 in China. Based on the relationship between the simulated ozone (O₃) sensitivity values and the ratio of formaldehyde (HCHO) to NO₂ (FNR) and the ratio of production rate of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to production rate of nitric acid (HNO₃) ($P_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2}/P_{\text{HN}{\mathrm{O}}_3}$), the localized range of FNR and $P_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2}/P_{\text{HN}{\mathrm{O}}_3}$ thresholds in different regions in China were obtained. The overall simulated FNR values are about 1.640–2.520, and $P_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2}/P_{\text{HN}{\mathrm{O}}_3}$ values are about 0.540–0.830 for the transition regime. Model simulated O₃ sensitivities or region specific FNR or $P_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2}/P_{\text{HN}{\mathrm{O}}_3}$ thresholds should be applied to ensure the accurate local O₃ sensitivity regimes. Using the tropospheric column FNR values from ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) satellite data as an indicator with the simulated threshold values, the spatial distributions of O₃ formation regimes in China are determined. The O₃ sensitivity regimes from eastern to central China are gradually from VOC-limited, transition to NO_x-limited spatially, and moving toward to transition or NO_x-limited regime from 2005 to 2019 temporally.