Toward Water Conservation Society: the Connotation and Assessment Indication System

Abstract

Water saving and developing water conservation society are the two key strategies both for wise water allocation and sustainable utilization. The paper analyses the connotation of water saving and water conservation society. Essentially, water saving means freeing up water from non-beneficial uses and providing it to some more productive uses. Basic principles for setting indicator are presented by providing efficient use of water, considering social issues and ecological protection. An integrated assessing water saving system aiming at more sustainable and efficient consumption is given considering unbalanced social and economic development in regions and basins. The hierarchy Indicator system provides qualified tools to the practice of water conservation and evaluates the value for water conservation society construction.     

生态承载力水平评价的动态模型及其应用——以洞庭湖生态经济区为例

生态承载力是可持续发展研究的核心.本文基于生态承载力的内涵,从4个方面构建了生态承载力的评价指标体系,并以最大信息熵原理(MIEP)为基础,自组织特征映射神经网络(SOFM)为算法,借助MATLAB数学软件为计算平台,从复杂系统结构演化的角度提出了生态承载力评价模型,并用MIEP模型对洞庭湖生态经济区2008—2012年的生态承载力进行评价,以指导当地生态建设.结果表明,5年间该地区的生态承载力呈总体上升的趋势,其中,2008年和2009年两年生态承载力水平基本一致,2010年呈现较明显的上升,2011年的生态承载力剧烈下降后在2012年呈现大幅回升.ξ值各分量的雷达图揭示出各指标逐年贡献程度的变化,结合准则层面的分析发现,水资源发展状况对该地生态承载力整体水平影响较大.与主成分分析法的比较表明了MIEP模型对生态承载力评价的可行性,同时其能更好地体现生态承载力发展演变的动力学特性,连接权值的获取避免了人为设定的主观性,在评价中有明显优势,且在预测上有一定潜力.     

基于FLUENT和ADAMS 的环境实验室压力平衡窗联合仿真分析

目的提出针对环境实验室发动机地面开车试验压力平衡系统的压力平衡窗设计方案,研究压力平衡窗对于室内压力的作用情况,并验证优化设计方案。方法基于FLUENT及ADAMS技术,通过动力学及流体力学联合仿真分析得到不同结构作用下的流场变化情况。结果压力平衡窗窗体结构形式决定其动力学特性,压力平衡窗的动力学特性与其受力耦合作用影响环境实验室压力。结论联合仿真模拟结果可以清晰地描述流场变化情况,合理设计压力平衡窗可以有效地保证实验室内压力在规定范围内,所设计的压力平衡窗能够满足设计要求。     

节约型社会评价指标体系构建及应用研究

为了评价节约型社会建设水平,根据建设节约型社会的内涵,遵循指标体系构建的一般原则,借鉴相关研究成果,采用专家咨询法,构建了由生产成本型节约、消费适度型节约、效率提高型节约、循环利用型节约、环境保护型节约、资源储备型节约、文化制度型节约7个准则层共47个指标组成的评价指标体系,并用该指标体系对全国各省市区进行了横向比较应用研究。用因子分析法计算了各省份各准则层节约分值及综合节约分值。用聚类分析法将各省份分成3种节约类型：相对高度节约类型、相对中度节约类型、相对低度节约类型。研究结果表明,属于相对高度节约和相对中度节约类型的省份位于东部沿海地区,经济增长正向集约型转变,产业结构向高级化转变,人们的节约意识较强;属于相对低度节约类型的省份位于中西部地区,经济增长方式仍是粗放型,产业结构仍处低水平状态。最后,提出了一些政策建议。     

Heavy metal sequential extraction methods--a modification for tropical soils

Sequential extractions of metals can be useful to study metal distributions in various soil fractions. Although several sequential extraction procedures have been suggested in the literature, most were developed for temperate soils and may not be suitable for tropical soils with high contents of Mn and Fe oxides. The objective of this study was to develop a sequential fractionation procedure for Cu and Zn in tropical soils. Extractions were performed on surface (0–20 cm) samples of ten representative soils of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Chemically reactive Mn forms were satisfactorily assessed by the new modified procedure. Amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides were more selectively extracted in a new two-step extraction. Soil-born Zn and Cu were primarily associated with recalcitrant soil fractions. The proposed procedure provided more detailed information on metal distribution in tropical soils and better characterization of the various components of the soil matrix. The new procedure is expected to be an important tool for predicting the potential effects of environmental changes and land application of metals on the redistribution of chemical forms of metals in tropical soils.     

Microbial indicators of heavy metal contamination in urban and rural soils

Urban soils and especially their microbiology have been a neglected area of study. In this paper, we report on microbial properties of urban soils compared to rural soils of similar lithogenic origin in the vicinity of Aberdeen city. Significant differences in basal respiration rates, microbial biomass and ecophysiological parameters were found in urban soils compared to rural soils. Analysis of community level physiological profiles (CLPP) of micro-organisms showed they consumed C sources faster in urban soils to maintain the same level activity as those in rural soils. Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni were the principal elements that had accumulated in urban soils compared with their rural counterparts with Pb being the most significant metal to distinguish urban soils from rural soils. Sequential extraction showed the final residue after extraction was normally the highest proportion except for Pb, for which the hydroxylamine-hydrochloride extractable Pb was the largest part. Acetic acid extractable fraction of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher in urban soils and aqua regia extractable fraction were lower suggesting an elevated availability of heavy metals in urban soils. Correlation analyses between different microbial indicators (basal respiration, biomass-C, and sole C source tests) and heavy metal fractions indicated that basal respiration was negatively correlated with soil Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn inputs while soil microbial biomass was only significantly correlated with Pb. However, both exchangeable and iron- and manganese-bound Ni fractions were mostly responsible for shift of the soil microbial community level physiological profiles (sole C source tests). These data suggest soil microbial indicators can be useful indicators of pollutant heavy metal stress on the health of urban soils.     

Modeling of spatial and temporal variations of ozone-NOx-VOC sensitivity based on photochemical indicators in China

Comprehensive air quality model with extensions (CAMx)-decoupled direct method (DDM) was used to simulate ozone-NO_x-VOCs sensitivity of for May–November in 2016–2018 in China. Based on the relationship between the simulated ozone (O₃) sensitivity values and the ratio of formaldehyde (HCHO) to NO₂ (FNR) and the ratio of production rate of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to production rate of nitric acid (HNO₃) ($P_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2}/P_{\text{HN}{\mathrm{O}}_3}$), the localized range of FNR and $P_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2}/P_{\text{HN}{\mathrm{O}}_3}$ thresholds in different regions in China were obtained. The overall simulated FNR values are about 1.640–2.520, and $P_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2}/P_{\text{HN}{\mathrm{O}}_3}$ values are about 0.540–0.830 for the transition regime. Model simulated O₃ sensitivities or region specific FNR or $P_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2}/P_{\text{HN}{\mathrm{O}}_3}$ thresholds should be applied to ensure the accurate local O₃ sensitivity regimes. Using the tropospheric column FNR values from ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) satellite data as an indicator with the simulated threshold values, the spatial distributions of O₃ formation regimes in China are determined. The O₃ sensitivity regimes from eastern to central China are gradually from VOC-limited, transition to NO_x-limited spatially, and moving toward to transition or NO_x-limited regime from 2005 to 2019 temporally.     

黄河上游地区（陕甘宁青）“三生空间”功能的演变特征及耦合协调分析

生产-生活-生态功能协调发展是可持续发展研究的热点问题。通过构建“生产-生活-生态”评价指标体系，运用三角模型、耦合协调度模型分析黄河上游地区三生功能状态、趋势以及耦合协调性的演变规律。结果表明：在1998—2017年黄河上游地区三生功能均显著上升，其中生产、生活功能的增长速率略高于生态功能；其相互作用随着时间从极低水平缓慢发展，先后经历了低水平和中等水平，最终发展到高等水平；耦合协调水平由低水平向中等水平波浪式发展，其中陕西省耦合协调水平相对较高，但距离高度协调还存在一定差距。在黄河上游地区可持续发展问题中，应根据三生功能耦合特征及影响因素，制定差异化策略，从而解决生产、生态功能之间的矛盾。