Quantitative analysis and sorption of cadmium in environmental samples with a functionalized synthetic polymer

Quantitative analysis of cadmium in environmental samples was achieved with a polymeric sorbent synthesized by copolymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide and allyl glycidyl ether/iminodiacetic acid as chelating monomers with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as cross-linker. The polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption capacity of the functionalized sorbent was 70 mg g^?1. The equilibrium sorption data of Cd(II) on polymeric sorbent were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson models. Based on equilibrium adsorption data, the constants at pH 4.2 and 20 °C were determined for the first three as 0.33 (L mg^?1), 17.5 (mg g^?1) (L mg^?1)^1/n, and 12.9 (J mol^?1). Recovery of 94% of the metal ion was obtained with 0.5 mol L^?1 nitric acid as an eluting agent.     

The Toxicology of Silica Nanoparticles: A Review

Silica nanoparticles are increasingly used in industrial, cosmetics, and medical applications. Workers in nanosilica production industries, laboratory personnel in drug production industries, patients taking drugs with nanosilica in its formulations, and everyone in society who uses cosmetics are potentially at risk to health effects induced by silica nanoparticles. Like other nanomaterials, nanosilica has unique physical and chemical properties that modify its toxic effects compared to bulk silica or microparticles of silica. Nanosilica toxicology has been studied by various in vitro and in vivo protocols and on humans, studies which are collected and summarized in the present publication. The toxic effects are outlined based on the type of body compartment, viz. cardiovascular, dermal, respiratory, neural, hepatic, genetic, immune, reproductive, and renal system. Further information, especially the experimental protocols and toxicological endpoints, are summarized in tables.     

Effect of iron and dissolved silica on primmorphs of Petrosia ficiformis (Poiret, 1789)

The suitability of the primmorphs system as a good model for biotechnological applications led researchers on primmorphs to look for a medium to stimulate cell proliferation and therefore growth of aggregates. Recent efforts have focused on the use of Fe⁺³ and Si that, supplemented to cell culture medium, were found to be promising for growth and morphogenesis of the sponge Suberites domuncula. In this work, we analysed the effect of iron and dissolved silica on primmorphs of Petrosia ficiformis, by testing them at different concentrations in successive experiments. The purpose of these experiments was to test their effect on primmorphs and individuate their optimal concentration for this species. Our results suggest a negative effect of iron on primmorphs of P. ficiformis and a positive effect of silica on primmorphs size and spiculogenesis at a concentration of 120 μM.     

拜耳法赤泥制备三聚磷酸铝

拜耳法赤泥经石灰石烧结改性、盐酸浸取及碱液处理等工序得到氢氧化铝干胶,再以氢氧化铝干胶和工业磷酸为原料,通过中和反应、缩合反应和水化反应合成三聚磷酸铝.经单因素条件实验和正交实验得到最佳工艺条件为:磷酸体积(mL)与氢氧化铝干胶质量(g)的比3,中和反应温度常温,缩合反应温度290℃,缩合反应时间4h.在最佳工艺条件下合成的试样中,Al2O3和P2O5的含量与工业三聚磷酸铝ATP-200相近,经IR分析,该试样即为三聚磷酸铝.盐雾试验结果表明合成的三聚磷酸铝的防腐性能达到ATP-200的性能指标.     

固相萃取填料对水中脂肪族二元酸酯类增塑剂萃取效率的影响

以水中11种脂肪族二元酸酯类(ADEs)增塑剂的固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPE-GC-MS)为例,探讨了用C₁₈柱和HLB柱萃取水样时不同品牌、不同批号的SPE填料和C₁₈柱封端与否及相对应的洗脱溶剂不同配比对萃取效率的影响。实验结果表明:正己烷不可作为C₁₈柱和HLB柱的淋洗溶剂;11种ADEs用不同配比的二氯甲烷/正己烷溶剂体系洗脱,对C₁₈柱和HLB柱,不同SPE填料最佳二氯甲烷体积分数分别为0~60%和15%~20%;未经封端处理的C₁₈柱不适合作为ADEs的SPE柱;最佳溶剂洗脱体积为5 mL,样品穿透体积至少为200 mL;在优化条件下,11种ADEs方法检出限为0.2~0.5 μg/L,实际样品加标回收率为85.2%~113%,平行样相对标准偏差为5.5%~18%,各特性指标显示该方法正确度、精密度和灵敏度良好。     

Current molecular biologic techniques for characterizing environmental microbial community

Microbes are vital to the earth because of their enormous numbers and instinct function maintaining the natural balance. Since the microbiology was applied in environmental science and engineering more than a century ago, researchers desire for more and more information concerning the microbial spatio-temporal variations in almost every fields from contaminated soil to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). For the past 30 years, molecular biologic techniques explored for environmental microbial community (EMC) have spanned a broad range of approaches to facilitate the researches with the assistance of computer science: faster, more accurate and more sensitive. In this feature article, we outlined several current and emerging molecular biologic techniques applied in detection of EMC, and presented and assessed in detail the application of three promising tools.     

彗星实验技术及其应用

彗星实验是瑞典科学家Ostling和Johanson于1984年发明的检测毒物DNA损伤效应的方法。它经历了从最初的微电泳技术、中性彗星实验、碱性彗星实验、酶切彗星实验和双向垂直彗尾彗星实验等不断完善的发展过程。在毒理学、遗传学和环境生态科学等领域有着重要的应用,是经济合作与发展组织(OECD)和欧洲食品安全局等国际组织推荐的测定遗传毒性的方法之一。彗星实验的关键点包括单细胞悬液的制备、细胞裂解液的成分与比例,低熔点琼脂糖凝胶的浓度,电泳条件等。在典型应用领域,如蚯蚓、鱼、两栖动物、鼠和人的彗星实验很难找到标准实验方案。成功的彗星实验还需关注,实验设计时必须包括阳性对照,结果表述时必须有图为证,实验方案可能因物种或细胞而异。     

等截面扩散器上升管流量不均匀分配研究

阐述了上海市污水治理二期工程白龙港排放口水域的特殊条件,通过局部和整体模型试验,研究三通、喷头局部参数等对喷头阻力系数的影响。试验结果表明,控制三通及各上升管的局部阻力系数,可以实现上升管流量不均匀分配。     

垃圾渗滤液的Fenton氧化预处理研究

采用Fenton氧化法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,考察了渗滤液初始pH值、H2O2和FeSO4.7H2O投加量、H2O2/Fe2＋投加的物质的量比及氧化反应时间等对Fenton氧化处理效果的影响,获得Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺条件：初始pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为5.0 mL.L-1,FeSO4.7H2O投加量为3.48 g.L-1,H2O2/Fe2＋物质的量比为4-1,反应时间为1.5 h。最佳条件下处理后垃圾渗滤液COD为5 220 mg.L-1,COD去除率达57.8%。凝胶渗透色谱和三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,垃圾渗滤液中主要含有腐殖酸类大分子物质,经Fenton氧化后降解变成小分子化合物。     

纳米二氧化钛对小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤

为探讨纳米TiO2对肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤效应,实验制备了锐钛矿型纳米TiO2颗粒(20～100nm),并采用不同浓度的纳米TiO(20、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8mg·mL-1)对25只昆明雄性小鼠进行染毒,5d后用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤程度.结果表明,随着纳米TiO2染毒浓度的升高,小鼠肝、肾细胞尾部DNA百分率(Tail DNA%)和尾矩(Tail Moment)均呈逐渐升高趋势;对于肝细胞,0.1mg·mL-1组Tail DNA%及Tail Moment与对照组无显著差异(p>0.05),≥0.2mg·mL-1组则显著升高(p<0.05或p<0.01);与肝细胞相比,肾细胞Tai lDNA%及Tail Moment变化更为显著,0.1mg·mL-1组即与对照组存在极显著差异(p<0.01).以上结果表明,纳米TiO2染毒可导致小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA损伤,且随染毒浓度的增加,损伤逐渐加重,呈一定的剂量-效应关系;与肝细胞相比,肾细胞对纳米TiO2更为敏感,较低浓度染毒即可造成DNA损伤.