Evaluation of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) biodegradability in sediment by solid‐phase extraction and HPLC analysis

The linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) sorption on environmental sediments has been known long ago. Their high concentrations reflect the massive input of these chemicals from household and industrial uses. However few attempts were made to identify biodegradation metabolites of LAS in sediment. In this report, a method for the determination of these compounds in sediment samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The first step of our work was performed by solid‐phase extraction with octadecyl‐bonded silica (C18) mini‐columns and provided a suitable recovery of LAS (90 ± 5%) and most metabolites. Furthermore, laboratory investigations led to study the behaviour of LAS in sediment. The environmental samples used for this purpose were collected from a pond (named étang de Bolmon) located in the French Mediterranean coast. Our results were in agreement with an aerobic biodegradation process of LAS that occurred only with high values of sediment redox potential and needed the samples to be vigorously shaken to ensure adequate mixing and suspension of particulate material. In a stagnant sediment or under anaerobic conditions, LAS is not degraded. p‐Sulfophenylacetic acid and p‐sulfocinnamic acid were evidenced as predominant metabolites and were found not to be persistent.     

煤矿瓦斯涌出时序预测的自组织数据挖掘方法

为分析煤矿瓦斯涌出复杂系统时间序列预测方法,提出自组织数据挖掘(SODM)与相空间重构(PSR)相结合的预测建模方法。首先应用C-C方法计算时间序列的最佳嵌入维数和延迟时间后进行PSR;然后以二元二次方程为传递函数,以嵌入维数变量为自变量,以延迟时间后的时间序列为因变量,通过内准则确定传递函数系数和外准则选择最优传递函数,并以最优传递函数的输出为下层迭代传递函数的输入,最后获得最优复杂度预测模型。算例结果表明:该方法对煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测的相对误差为-5.751 7% ~6.049 3%,平均相对误差2.145 7%,预测结果能满足煤矿安全生产实际工程应用要求。     

猪粪中典型类固醇雌激素的固相萃取/GC-MS检测

以猪粪中常见且具有较大潜在危害的E1(雌酮),17α-E2(17α-雌二醇),17β-E2(17β-雌二醇)和E3(雌三醇)为研究对象,建立了猪粪中这4种典型类固醇雌激素的GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱)分析检测方法.着重优化了样品的前处理方法,包括对超声提取剂、超声提取时间、固相萃取淋洗剂、衍生化温度和时间的优化选择.结果表明:在优化的试验条件下,猪粪中的典型雌激素E1,17α-E2,17β-E2和E3检出限分别为8.0,2.5,5.1和3.3 μg/kg,平均加标回收率在92.3%～137.4%之间.      

南宁城市内河水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征

采用改进的固相萃取、加速溶剂萃取和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器,对广西壮族自治区南宁5条城市内河的水体和表层沉积物样品中7种痕量有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了分析测定. 结果表明,南宁城市内河水体有机氯农药以HCHs为主,ρ(OCPs)为nd～0.141 μg/L. 5个点位沉积物中w(总OCPs)为2.13～2.80 μg/kg,均检出4,4′-DDE和4,4′-DDD,w(DDD)/w(DDE)<1,且DDTs在沉积物中的含量普遍高于HCHs. 各点位沉积物中有机氯农药各组分含量均低于美国环境保护署采用的无毒害风险浓度.      

Quantitative assessment in safety reports of the consequences from the detonation of solid explosives

Safety reports are mandatory documents in member states of European Union whenever any threshold limits of amounts of either stored or processed hazardous substances are exceeded. After a short introduction to EU Seveso Directives on major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances and to the transposition and implementation by member states, with a brief comment on last 2012/18/EU Directive (also known as Seveso III directive), the paper focuses on drafting of safety reports for industrial activities involving solid explosives. Specifically, the quantitative assessment of consequences from detonation is tackled respect to the side-on overpressure and the debris production. Both direct and inverse problems are illustrated to determine respectively the overpressure value at a given distance, and the explosive amount that allows respecting the regulations. Their solution is based on either analytic or numerical techniques and being based on recent scientific publications on the matter either evaluates or zeroes nonlinear algebraic equations. The availability of these equations avoids grounding the consequences assessment on diagrams and nomograms that otherwise would lead to interpretation and usage errors besides avoiding the automatic solution of the inverse problem. The paper focuses also on details such as embankment, crater, munitions, rocket propellant, building structure, and wall material that, at different levels, play a role in the assessment of detonation consequences. A discussion on debris formation, the available literature, and the evaluation of the impact probability of fragments on both fixed and moving targets closes the paper.     

EMC用V型人工电源网络的解析

本文分别对理想和实用的V型人工电源网络的阻抗(模和相位角)、隔离度进行计算和分析,并将其与某公司生产的ENV216型人工电源网络的测试参数进行比较,验证了ENV216型人工电源网络是完全符合标准要求的,加深了对电源端传导发射测试的理解。     

Municipal solid waste management in South Africa: from waste to energy recovery through waste-to-energy technologies in Johannesburg

ABSTRACT

“Waste-to-energy” (WTE) technologies have been presented as one of the avenues to improve the management of solid waste whilst promoting clean and healthy urban environments through the recovery of waste and generation of energy. Research suggests that with the right investment in technologies and institutional changes, waste can potentially become a resource that can contribute to the socio-economic development of cities. It is in this context that this paper presents a review of the literature on WTE technologies and their implications on sustainable waste management in urban areas. The paper particularly contributes to our understanding of WTE technologies and its potential on Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is estimated that the city of Johannesburg’s landfills airspace will be completely depleted by year 2023. This projection becomes a motivation for the identification of suitable WTE alternative avenues to manage waste in the city. The paper argues that WTE technologies can contribute significantly to sustainable waste management, economic growth, ecological and environmental well-being.     

Do Polynomials Adequately Describe the Hypsometry of Monadnock Phase Watersheds?

Hypsometry has been shown to be a useful tool in geomorphic analysis of watersheds with the use of third‐degree polynomial equations to express the hypsometric curve. Despite its usefulness with watersheds in the equilibrium stage, the third‐degree polynomial has been found to be inadequate to describe the hypsometry of Monadnock phase watersheds. Three other equations — a modified third‐degree polynomial with a rational term, a sigmoidal model, and a double exponential — were used to determine hypsometric attributes of 32 Monadnock phase watersheds and compared to the third‐degree polynomial form. The three other equations were found to be better fits for Monadnock phase watersheds than the third‐degree polynomial equation, regardless of which ratio — area or elevation — was plotted as the independent variable. Due to the occasional failure of each functional form to give logical values for hypsometric attributes, the importance of using more than one form equation is discussed. After determining the best‐fit equation for each watershed, the usefulness of hypsometric attributes is discussed in relation to erosion processes within Monadnock phase watersheds.     

The effect of barriers on reducing thermal heat fluxes from a hydrocarbon pool fire

The radiant heat flux from a pool fire is frequently calculated using the solid flame model, where the flame envelope is approximated as a stationary cylinder whose surface emits thermal radiation at a constant rate. Radiant heat flux calculations using the solid flame model assume the target to be at a given elevation, typically at ground level, and to have an unobstructed view of the fire. The presence of obstacles (e.g., walls, buildings, etc.) or terrain features that would create shaded areas and provide shielding of a target from the fire is typically neglected in these calculations: this is a conservative approach, but it is not accurate. This paper presents a methodology to utilize the solid flame model to calculate the heat flux to a target while taking into account the presence of an obstruction between the target and the fire. The shielded solid flame method can quantitatively account for the presence of obstacles as a passive mitigation measure and allows project developers or designers to optimize their facility layout to meet safety requirements. The methodology presented in this paper uses the same correlations found in currently used solid flame models (e.g., LNGFIRE3), therefore, it remains consistent with current regulatory requirements for LNG facilities in the U.S.     

徐闻珊瑚礁保护区海水中多环芳烃的初探

2006年8月,对徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区中多环芳烃的污染现状进行调查和研究,采用固相萃取,GC-MS检测,分析其中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）单体的含量,结果表明该海域海水中16种PAHs的总平均含量为87.06±90.62 ng·L^-1,变化范围为43.31～435.64 ng·L^-1,与世界其它一些近岸海区海水中的PAHs含量相比污染较为严重。A1站位的PAHs含量偏高,主要来源于陆地的工业废水和生活污水以及渔船油污。PAHs含量的增多对珊瑚礁生态系统具有一定影响,最终将影响到人类的自身健康。