pH对厨余废物两相厌氧消化中水解和酸化过程的影响

通过间歇实验探讨了pH对厨余废物两相厌氧消化中水解和产酸过程的影响,详细考查了厨余废物在4个pH(pH =5 ,7,9,11)条件下的水解率、挥发酸(VFA)产量和速率、有机酸的组分和水解酸化产物的分配.实验结果表明,控制pH为7时,厨余废物具有更高的水解和酸化率,以水解酸化液体中TOC、COD与固液混合液中总COD、TOC比值表示的厨余废物水解率在实验第9d分别达到86%和82 % ,VFA浓度在实验第4d达到3 6g·L- 1 ,VFA产量是未调节pH时的2倍.在pH为7时,水解酸化产物中乳酸浓度相对较低,VFA中主要以丁酸和乙酸为主,丙酸很少.控制pH为7不但可以提高水解酸化效率,而且为后续产甲烷过程提供了更有利的基质,从而优化了厨余废物处理的两相厌氧消化工艺     

Activity and hydrothermal stability of CeO2–ZrO2–WO3 for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3

A series of CeO_2–ZrO_2–WO_3(CZW)catalysts prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method showed excellent catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO with NH_3 over a wide temperature of 150–550°C.The effect of hydrothermal treatment of CZW catalysts on SCR activity was investigated in the presence of 10% H_2O.The fresh catalyst showed above 90% NO_x conversion at 201–459°C,which is applicable to diesel exhaust NO_x purification(200–440°C).The SCR activity results indicated that hydrothermal aging decreased the SCR activity of CZW at low temperatures(below 300°C),while the activity was notably enhanced at high temperature(above 450°C).The aged CZW catalyst(hydrothermal aging at 700°C for 8 hr)showed almost 80% NO_x conversion at 229–550°C,while the V_2O_5–WO_3/TiO_2 catalyst presented above 80% NO_x conversion at 308–370°C.The effect of structural changes,acidity,and redox properties of CZW on the SCR activity was investigated.The results indicated that the excellent hydrothermal stability of CZW was mainly due to the CeO_2–ZrO_2 solid solution,amorphous WO_3 phase and optimal acidity.In addition,the formation of WO_3 clusters increased in size as the hydrothermal aging temperature increased,resulting in the collapse of structure,which could further affect the acidity and redox properties.     

我国社会源危险废物产生、回收及处置现状及管理对策

作为广受关注的社会源危险废物,废矿物油、废铅酸蓄电池具有显著的环境危害性,但同时也具备显著的可回收利用价值。本文在调研国外发达国家对于废矿物油、废铅酸电池的回收利用状况,以及所建立的相对完善的相关法律、法规制度和经济性政策的同时,也对目前国内特别是北京地区的废矿物油、废铅酸电池的产生情况、回收利用状况以及相关法律、法规政策进行了调查、研究。结果表明目前国内废矿物油、废铅酸电池近年来的产生量呈明显增加趋势,但其回收利用状况较为混乱,不够理想,大多数社会源危险废物无法进入具备合法资质的正规处置单位,无法得到合理妥善的利用及处置,对环境的威胁较大。本文针对此状况,在管理政策方面提出了一些建议,以期有助于国内对废矿物油、废铅酸电池的回收利用状况得到改善。     

废皮革水泥窑共处置生命周期评价

以废皮革为典型固体废物开展水泥窑共处置试烧试验.以生命周期评价方法(LCA)为研究手段,对水泥窑共处置技术的环境影响进行评价,并与常规水泥生产过程作比较.结果表明:常规水泥生产过程的综合环境负荷为7.028×10-12 a-1,其中最大的环境负荷为全球变暖,达3.368×10-12 a-1.当废皮革作为替代燃料在水泥窑中共处置时,可减少燃煤的使用量,同时降低CO₂的排放,降低了能源消耗、人体健康损害等方面的环境压力;其综合环境负荷为6.618×10-12 a-1,比常规水泥生产降低了5.83%.      

湿堆磷石膏渣场黏土防渗层效果分析

大规模磷石膏堆存一般使用水力填充的方法,即采用湿堆磷石膏渣场。我国大多数现存湿堆磷石膏渣场均采用黏土底垫层作为防渗层。通过对磷石膏渣场中酸性水的渗漏速率与渣场高度、磷石膏的渗透特征、黏土防渗层厚度以及黏土渗透系数的关系进行分析。结果表明:由于湿堆磷石膏渣场黏土防渗层上部无渗沥液收集层,即使黏土垫层达到了一般工业固废填埋场防渗标准的要求,湿堆磷石膏渣场的酸性工艺水渗漏量仍将远超过相同占地面积的一般工业固废填埋场。在黏土垫层下部存在碳酸盐岩层的情况下,从磷石膏渣场中渗漏的酸水还可能导致溶洞的出现和发展,进而导致黏土防渗层的塌陷和酸性工艺水的大规模渗漏,最终造成更为严重的环境污染。     

接种外源微生物生活垃圾堆肥中的胡敏酸荧光特性

利用城市生活垃圾接种外源微生物,采用工厂化工艺进行堆肥,对堆肥前后胡敏酸荧光光谱进行了分析．结果表明,胡敏酸发射光谱相对简单,在440nm附近形成1个较宽的谱带,而激发光谱与同步扫描光谱则由几个特征峰及肩峰组成．对不同荧光光谱特征峰的分析表明,堆肥结束后,胡敏酸的腐殖化程度明显增加．CK、MS、ZJ、MS＋ZJ各处理的荧光光谱形状基本相似,但主要特征峰的相对荧光强度有明显区别．其中接种外源微生物可明显增加堆肥胡敏酸分子的缩合度,中加酵素菌（ZJ）处理优于美商复合菌（MS）处理,而2种外源菌混合接种具有协同促进作用．通过与土壤中胡敏酸荧光特性比较证实,堆肥后的胡敏酸具有土壤富里酸的特征,活性较高．     

中国工业固体废物产生量的预测及对策研究

以中国近几年来工业固体废物的产生量的统计数据为基础,应用灰色模型理论,建立工业固体废物产生量的GM（1,1）预测模型,预测到2015年中国工业固体废物产生量将达到3.3×10^9t;通过影响因素关联度分析,对工业固体废物产生量影响较大的因素是GDP,若是将GDP因素的影响考虑在内,到2015产生量将达到6.1×10^9t。预测结果表明今后中国工业固体废物增加速度很快,从而为环境管理提供了科学的依据。     

船舶垃圾处理方案分析

介绍一船舶垃圾的处理方式及其发展，并针对中国的船舶垃圾的现状提出了相应的建议。     

Precise regulation of acid pretreatment for red mud SCR catalyst: Targeting on optimizing the acidity and reducibility

• The optimum SCR activity was realized by tuning the acid pretreatment. • Optimized catalysts showed NO_x conversion above 90%. • The NH₃ and NO adsorption capacity of Al-O₃-Fe is stronger than Fe-O₃-Fe. • The formation of almandine consumes Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺ and weakens their interaction. Red mud (RM), as an alkaline waste, was recently proved to be a promising substitute for the SCR catalyst. Dealkalization could improve the acidity and reducibility of red mud, which were critical for SCR reaction. However, the dealkalization effect depended on the reaction between acid solution and red mud. In this study, we realized the directional control of the chemical state of active sites through tuning the acid pretreatment (dealkalization) process. The pretreatment endpoint was controlled at pH values of 3–5 with diluted nitric acid. When the pH values of red mud were 3 and 5 (CRM-3 and CRM-5), activated catalysts showed NO_x conversion above 90% at 275°C–475°C. The high initial reaction rate, Ce³⁺/(Ce³⁺ + Ce⁴⁺) ratio, and surface acidity accounted for the excellent SCR performance of CRM-5 catalyst. Meanwhile, more Fe³⁺ on the CRM-3 surface improved the NH₃ adsorption. There was a strong interaction between Al and Fe in both CRM-5 and CRM-3 catalysts. DFT results showed that the adsorption capacity of the Al-O₃-Fe for NH₃ and NO is stronger than that of Fe-O₃-Fe, which enhanced the NO_x conversion of the catalyst. However, the almandine was formed in CRM-4, consumed part of Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺, and the interaction between Al and Fe was weakened. Also, deposited almandine on the catalyst surface covered the active sites, thus leading to lower NH₃-SCR activity.     

Packaging glass contained in the heavy residual fraction refused by Portuguese Mechanical and Biological Treatment plants

Mechanical and Biological Treatment (MBT) is an important strategy to manage Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Europe. The presence of recyclable materials on MSW depends on different factors such as inefficiencies in the Municipal Solid Waste collecting schemes and to the low level of citizenship environmental education. Among other products, MBT plants produce a residual fraction, named here as heavy residual fraction, that contains a significant amount of packaging glass which in Portugal is currently landfilled. This material is not recycled because it is heavily contaminated with other materials, preventing its processing in Material Recovery Facilities (MRF).In this paper the characterization, including particle size and composition, of the residual fraction of six Portuguese MBT plants is presented. The relevant variables that determine the heavy residual fraction characteristics were identified. It was observed that the MBTr particle size distribution is different and depends mainly on the place on the flowsheet where the MBTr exits the process, which is determined by the type of biological process and by the aperture of the last screen where the product passes through. The content in glass varies from 33 to 83%. These values are mainly related with the upstream glass sorting and with the efficiency of the recovery of the organic fraction which is the glass main contaminant. The second main contaminant is “stones”.The quantity of glass contained in this product in all the plants that will be in operation in Portugal in 2014 was estimated. The work shows that if all the 48,000 of glass could be recovered the Portuguese recycling rate would increase by 4.4%.