宁东能源化工基地核心区表层土壤酚类污染物的污染评价、空间分布及来源解析

采集了宁东能源化工基地核心区的146个表层土壤样品,检测了6种优控酚类污染物.运用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和致癌风险指数评价了酚类污染物的污染程度及健康风险.借助主成分分析和绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归受体模型,结合地统计学方法,对酚类污染物的空间分布及来源进行了分析.结果显示:2,4-二氯酚和2,4,6-三...     

嘉兴市城市河网区多环芳烃污染源解析及生态风险评价

为研究嘉兴市城市河网区水体中多环芳烃的污染水平和来源并进行生态风险评价,采用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对环境优控多环芳烃（PAHs）进行分析检测.结果表明,枯水期和丰水期分别检测出10种和16种优控PAHs,质量浓度范围分别为77.32~283.76ng ·L^-1和13.05~133.02ng ·L^-1,平均质量浓度分别为143.83ng ·L^-1和73.47ng ·L^-1;枯水期低环（2环和3环）占比79.18%,丰水期低环占比73.60%;嘉兴市河网区水体多环芳烃污染情况与国内外其他地区相比处于较低水平;采用同分异构比值法和主成分分析法进行污染来源分析,结果表明嘉兴市枯水期和丰水期河网水体中多环芳烃污染主要来源为城市面源污染、燃烧源以及交通污染源;Kalf风险熵值法评价结果表明,枯水期：萘（Nap）、苊烯（Acy）、二氢苊（Ace）、芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）、蒽（Ant）、荧蒽（Fla）、芘（Pyr）和苯并［a］蒽（BaA）以及∑PAHs为中等生态风险水平,丰水期：萘（Nap）、苊烯（Acy）、芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）、荧蒽（Fla）、芘（Pyr）、苯并［a］蒽（BaA）、苯并［b］荧蒽（BbF）、苯并［k］荧蒽（BkF）、苯并［a］芘（BaP）、茚苯［1,2,3-cd］芘（InP）和苯并［ghi］苝（BghiP）属于中等生态风险水平,∑PAHs为低生态风险水平;总体而言,嘉兴市河网水体中PAHs生态风险呈中等水平,有关部门需采取措施降低河网水体中PAHs的生态风险.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were analysed in 23 soil samples (0–10 cm layer) from the Swiss soil monitoring network (NABO) together with total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) concentration, as well as some PAH source diagnostic ratios and molecular markers. The concentrations of the sum of 16 EPA priority PAHs ranged from 50 to 619 μg/kg dw. Concentrations increased from arable, permanent and pasture grassland, forest, to urban soils and were 21–89% lower than median numbers reported in the literature for similar Swiss and European soils. NABO soils contained BC in concentrations from 0.4 to 1.8 mg/g dw, except for two sites with markedly higher levels. These numbers corresponded to 1–6% of TOC and were comparable to the limited published BC data in soil and sediments obtained with comparable analytical methods. The various PAH ratios and molecular markers pointed to a domination of pyrogenically formed PAHs in Swiss soils. In concert, the gathered data suggest the following major findings: (1) gas phase PAHs (naphthalene to fluorene) were long-range transported, cold-condensated at higher altitudes, and approaching equilibrium with soil organic matter (OM); (2) (partially) particle-bound PAHs (phenanthrene to benzo[ghi]perylene) were mostly deposited regionally in urban areas, and not equilibrated with soil OM; (3) Diesel combustion appeared to be a major emission source of PAH and BC in urban areas; and (4) wood combustion might have contributed significantly to PAH burdens in some soils of remote/alpine (forest) sites.     

京津冀地区细颗粒物污染来源实时预报系统的构建和初步应用

基于区域空气质量数值模型和源示踪技术,构建污染来源预报系统,实现了京津冀地区污染来源的实时预报。针对预报中最迫切的时效限制,在系统的源排放预处理、污染物来源贡献计算方案、业务化运行等方面进行特别的设计,主要包括：开发出快速源排放前处理技术;通过试算确定了分区域和行业的污染来源追踪方案;采用目前2种主流的并行计算方式混合编译区域空气质量模型并运行;设计了业务化运行中多任务的分布式计算方案,以充分利用计算资源。这些优化措施有效地缩短了预报时间。目前系统已处于业务化运行阶段,每天08：00之前,预报出未来3 d的区域空气质量,同时给出关注区域主要污染物分区域和行业的来源贡献状况;系统已应用在庆祝抗战胜利70周年阅兵期间空气质量保障后评估,以及2015年11月底—12月初京津冀重污染预警等应急工作中。     

天津工业区春夏季VOCs污染特征及精细化来源解析

2021年3—8月,采用热脱附气相色谱质谱法对天津工业区环境空气中109种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行离线监测,研究了VOCs组成特征、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）及来源,并对工业源进行精细化分析。结果表明：观测期间VOCs浓度为（46.6±19.7）~（136.8±55.7）µg/m³,对VOCs浓度贡献较高的物种是烷烃、卤代烃、含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）,烷烃、芳香烃浓度呈中午低、早晚高的日变化趋势,OVOCs反之;OFP贡献占比较大的物种有烷烃、芳香烃、烯烃和OVOCs,烷烃的OFP贡献占比主要受其浓度占比影响,夏季芳香烃、烯烃的OFP贡献占比明显升高,臭氧（O₃）治理应加强二者的排放管控。来源解析显示,春夏季VOCs的主要来源为工业源、溶剂使用源、柴油车尾气排放源、油气挥发源和天然源。工业源精细化分析表明,芳香烃浓度与焦炭、纯碱产量,OVOCs浓度与天然气、乙烯、农用氮磷钾化肥产量,卤代烃浓度与天然气、汽车、农用氮磷钾化肥、纯碱产量,烯烃浓度与发电设备产量均呈正相关,初步判断,本地区环境空气中的芳香烃、OVOCs、卤代烃、烯烃可能来自于以上细分工业企业。

     

Characterization of airborne particulate matter in Thessaloniki,Greece

A receptor modeling approach has been applied to identify and apportion sources of airborne particulate matter in Thessaloniki, Greece. The absolute principal component analysis source apportionment technique used, provided quantitative information regarding both source particle characteristics and impacts. The analysis identified four major sources of heavy metals within total suspended particles (TSP) in the centre of the city: oil burning, pyrometallurgical non‐ferrous metal processes, motor vehicles and soil resuspension. Their contributions to TSP estimated by regression on absolute principal component scores (APCS) were 12%, 8%, 5% and 4%, respectively. A similar analysis conducted for a sampling site close to the industrial area identified five major sources: oil burning, industrial Cr source, soil resuspension, pyrometallurgical non‐ferrous metal processes and motor vehicles with contributions 20%, 15%, 9%, 8% and 4%, respectively.     

Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soils affected by tannery effluents

Effluents collected from tanneries in Sialkot showed considerably higher levels of heavy metals. Sodium (12 660.91 mg/L) among macronutrients and Cr (592.20 mg/L) among heavy metals were found in the highest concentrations. Effluent parameters, i.e. biological oxygen demand (BOD; 12.40), chemical oxygen demand (COD; 16.53), Cd (5.90), Cr (592.20) and Fe (18.59) were the respective times higher than Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards and their continuous unchecked discharge into agricultural soils poses a potential risk. Mean concentrations (mg/L) of Cr (592.20), Ni (2.66), Mn (1.16), Fe (37.17), Zn (0.90), Cd (0.59) and Pb (1.18) in this study exceeded levels recorded to date from different tanning hubs in Pakistan. Factor analysis/principal components analysis (FA/PCA) for the effluent parameters resulted in six varimax factors, i.e. VF1 (salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, phosphate, BOD and COD; including characteristic tannery effluent features), VF2 (pH, Cr and alkalinity; tanning operations), VF3 (Cd and Pb; dyeing processes), VF4 (Mn and Fe; finishing operations), VF5 (Ni; retaining processes) and VF6 (hardness, Ca and Cu; bating processes). Cluster analysis performed on metal data resulted in three clusters confirming metal–metal relations obtained either from FA/PCA or a correlation matrix. The results of this study are useful for heavy metal source apportionment, assessment of risk to peripheral soils and the future management of environments around tanneries.     

大型钢铁厂及其周边土壤多环芳烃污染现状调查、评价与源解析

采用气相色谱-质谱联机方法(GC-MS)分析了东北某钢铁厂及周边居住区、风景区共11个采样点表层土壤样品16种多环芳烃(PAHs),结果表明,钢铁工业区16种PAHs(∑PAHs)浓度范围为3.39×103—1.54×105ng·g-1,平均浓度3.21×104ng·g-1;居住区∑PAHs浓度范围为587—6.70×103ng·g-1,平均浓度3.82×103ng·g-1;风景区千山∑PAHs浓度385 ng·g-1.∑PAHs和Bap浓度均呈工业区>居住区>风景区趋势.与国内外其他研究结果相比,该钢铁工业区及其周边居住区土壤PAHs污染相对较为严重,11个采样点中有9个采样点土壤∑PAHs为严重污染,4个采样点苯并(a)芘(Bap)浓度超过加拿大土壤质量基准.利用特征比值法(Diagnostic Rate)和主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)对钢铁工业区及其周边地区土壤进行了源解析,结果表明,钢铁工业区土壤中PAHs主要来源于焦炉、燃煤、柴油燃烧等污染源,周边地区土壤除受工业污染源排放影响外,机动车汽油、柴油污染排放也有重要影响.     

Source characterization of ambient fine particles at multiple sites in the Seattle area

To identify major PM_2.5 (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) sources with a particular emphasis on the ship engine emissions from a major port, integrated 24 h PM_2.5 speciation data collected between 2000 and 2005 at five United State Environmental Protection Agency's Speciation Trends Network monitoring sites in Seattle, WA were analyzed. Seven to ten PM_2.5 sources were identified through the application of positive matrix factorization (PMF). Secondary particles (12–26% for secondary nitrate; 17–20% for secondary sulfate) and gasoline vehicle emissions (13–31%) made the largest contributions to the PM_2.5 mass concentrations at all of the monitoring sites except for the residential Lake Forest site, where wood smoke contributed the most PM_2.5 mass (31%). Other identified sources include diesel vehicle emissions, airborne soil, residual oil combustion, sea salt, aged sea salt, metal processing, and cement kiln. Residual oil combustion sources identified at multiple monitoring sites point clearly to the Port of Seattle suggesting ship emissions as the source of oil combustion particles. In addition, the relationship between sulfate concentrations and the oil combustion emissions indicated contributions of ship emissions to the local sulfate concentrations. The analysis of spatial variability of PM_2.5 sources shows that the spatial distributions of several PM_2.5 sources were heterogeneous within a given air shed.     

河流型饮用水水源保护区划分比较

比较分析了国内外河流型水源保护区划分的原则、方法和标准,例证了我国不同省份的划分实践。指出,我国各省多采用经验值划分水源保护区范围,部分省份划分方案久未更新,没有充分发挥保护区的作用。提出,应进一步细化水源保护区划分规范指导要求,及时修订省级水源保护区划分方案,并借鉴国外水源保护区划分经验,通过调整水质标准、重视公众参与、利用地理信息系统等方式划分水源保护区,从源头上预防水源污染,降低饮用水公共风险,保障饮用水安全。