2013年1月北京市PM2.5区域来源解析

2013年1月,北京地区经历了多次严重的灰霾天气,细颗粒物污染已成为北京地区所面临的重要问题.了解和掌握北京细颗粒物的污染来源,是解决细颗粒物污染的重要途径,也是制定防治政策的重要依据.通过建立三维空气质量模型系统,对2013年1月20~24日的污染过程进行模拟,并运用PSAT技术探究北京市细颗粒物污染的区域来源.结果表明,本地源排放是北京市PM2.5的主要来源,平均贡献率为34%;河北和天津的平均贡献率分别为26%和4%;京津冀周边地区及模拟边界外的贡献分别为12%和24%.在重污染日,区域传输对北京市PM2.5的影响显著增强,是北京PM2.5污染的主要来源.PM2.5中的硝酸盐主要来自北京市周边地区的贡献,而硫酸盐和二次有机气溶胶呈现远距离传输的特性,铵盐和其他组分则主要来自北京本地的贡献.     

DNAPL source depletion: linking architecture and flux response

The relationship between dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) mass reduction and contaminant mass flux was investigated experimentally in four model source zones. The flow cell design for the experiments featured a segmented extraction well that allowed for analysis of spatially resolved flux information. This flux information was coupled with image analysis of the NAPL spatial distribution to investigate the relationship between flux and the up-gradient NAPL architecture. Results indicate that in the systems studied, the relationship between DNAPL mass reduction and contaminant mass flux was primarily controlled by the NAPL architecture. A specific definition of NAPL architecture was employed where the source zone is resolved into a collection of streamtubes with spatial variability in NAPL saturation along each streamtube integrated and transformed into an effective NAPL content for each streamtube. The distribution of NAPL contents among the streamtubes (NAPL architecture) controlled dissolution dynamics. Two simplified models, a streamtube model and an effective Damkohler number model, were investigated for their ability to simulate dissolution dynamics.     

正定矩阵因子分解模型在环境中多环芳烃源解析方面的应用

<正>定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)自1993年开发至今,其在环境中持久性有毒物质(PTS),尤其是多环芳烃(PAHs)源解析中的应用取得了重大研究进展。简要介绍了PMF模型的基本原理,在综述该模型用于土壤/沉积物、大气及水体中PAHs源解析现状的基础上,结合其在实际工作的应用,评述了其在环境中PAHs源解析方面的应用潜力及发展前景。     

嵊泗海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染水平、分子组成及源识别

嵊泗海域是舟山渔场的重要组成部分,属于国家海洋特别保护区.为了解嵊泗海域表层沉积物中16种优控PAHs（多环芳烃）的污染特征及潜在风险,于2017年6月采集了嵊泗海域18个站点的表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术确定PAHs质量分数及其分子组成,运用特征分子比值法和主成分分析法识别PAHs来源,并采用质量基准法与质量标准法对沉积物中PAHs潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明:①除了Ace与Act外,其他14种PAHs均被检出.除A1站点外,w（Phe）最高,w（Flra）次之.检出的PAHs以3环和4环为主,占总量的71.21%,不同环数PAHs占比大小依次为3环> 4环> 5环> 2环> 6环.w（∑₁₄PAHs）范围为46.38~196.36 ng/g,平均值为109.40 ng/g.整体分布上,嵊泗海域表层沉积物中w（∑₁₄PAHs）呈近岸高于远岸的分布特征.②嵊泗海域表层沉积物中PAHs以煤炭、柴油和生物质等燃烧源为主,部分站点同时受到燃烧源与石油源影响.③各站点的w（∑₁₄PAHs）均低于ERL和OEL,表明嵊泗海域潜在生态风险较小.④与国内外其他区域相比,嵊泗海域表层沉积物中w（∑₁₄PAHs）处于较低污染水平,尚不足以对当地渔业生态环境造成负面影响,但作为我国重要"蓝色粮仓",仍应加强其陆源排放监管.      

Distribution of rare earth elements in PM10 emitted from burning coals and soil-mixed coal briquettes

Emission from burning coals is one of the major sources of the airborne particles in China. We carried out a study on the rare earth elements (REEs) in the inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀) emitted from burning coals and soil-coal honeycomb briquettes with different volatile contents and ash yields in a combustion-dilution system. Gravimetric analysis indicates that the equivalent mass concentration of the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals is higher than that emitted from burning the briquettes. The ICP-MS analysis indicates that the contents of total REEs in the coal-burning PM₁₀ are lower than those in the briquette-burning PM₁₀. In addition, the contents of the light rare earth elements (LREEs) are higher than those of the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, demonstrating that the REEs in both the coal-burning and briquette-burning PM₁₀ are dominated by LREEs. The higher contents of total REEs and LREEs in the coal-burning PM₁₀ are associated with the higher ash yields and lower volatile contents in the raw coals. A comparative analysis indicates that the La/Sm ratios in the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, being lower than 2, are lower than those in the particles from gasoline-powered vehicle emission.     

Characterization of precipitation in the background of atmospheric pollutants reduction in Guilin: Temporal variation and source apportionment

Rainfall samples were collected from three observation sites in Guilin from 2013 to 2017, and the chemical composition characteristics of precipitation and the contribution made by different ion sources were analyzed when atmospheric pollutants levels were reduced. The results showed that acid gas emissions and atmospheric pollutant concentrations continued to decline during the study period. However, the change in the volume-weighted mean pH at the three sites suggested that acid rain pollution was not alleviated and began to deteriorate after 2015. The continuing downward trend for alkaline neutralizing ions (Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺) in precipitation indicated that the reduction in alkaline neutralizing substances in the atmosphere was an important factor that led to the deterioration in acid rain across Guilin. The principal component analysis and spearman correlation analysis indicated five sources of ions in precipitation. Quantitative assessment of these five sources indicated that fossil fuel combustion contributed the most ions concentration in precipitation at the three sites, followed by agriculture, terrestrial (crustal) sources, marine sources, and biomass burning. Long-distance airflow might affect the acidity, the electrical conductivity (EC), and ion concentrations in precipitation across Guilin. The airflow trajectory from the west and southeast directions corresponded to higher acidity and ion concentrations. According to the current air pollution control strategy planned by Guilin, reducing atmospheric coarse particles and NH₃ at the same time may potentially lead to further deteriorations in acid rain contents. Therefore, Guilin needs to develop more reasonable pollution prevention measures that synergistically control atmospheric pollutants and acid rain pollution.     

钢铁工业区下风向土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及源解析

为了解钢铁工业区对土壤环境的影响以及土壤的污染状况,采集上海典型钢铁工业区下风向的14个表层土壤样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）检测了样品中16种优控PAHs（多环芳烃）的含量水平,分析了钢铁工业区下风向土壤中PAHs的组成分布特征,并利用比值法和主成分分析法对土壤中的PAHs进行溯源.结果表明,钢铁工业区下风向土壤中∑₁₆ PAHs（16种优控PAHs的含量）范围为167.0~2 355.0 μg/kg,∑₇PAHs（7种具有致癌作用的PAHs的含量）在∑₁₆ PAHs中平均比例为50.4%,近距离样区（< 1 km）表层土壤中∑₁₆ PAHs平均值最高,为1 057.7 μg/kg,远距离样区（5~10 km）污染相对较轻,平均值为381.4 μg/kg;宝3、宝6和宝9采样点于钢铁工业区烧结工艺的下风向,导致宝3采样点∑₁₆ PAHs最高,为2 355.0 μg/kg,宝3、宝6和宝9采样点土壤中PAHs含量依次降低;表层（0~20 cm）土壤中PAHs单体含量最高的为荧蒽,致癌性最强的苯并[a]芘含量范围为10.0~194.0 μg/kg,环数组成以4环为主,平均比例为46.3%,其次是5~6环,二者平均比例为39.9%,随着距离工业区越远,4环的组成比例越高,5~6环比例降低;比值法和主成分分析法结果显示土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油、煤的燃烧和机动车尾气的排放.研究显示,钢铁工业对多环芳烃贡献较大,下风向土壤中总多环芳烃的含量和高环多环芳烃比例都呈现明显的随距离递减特征,石油、煤的燃烧和机动车尾气的排放是其多环芳烃的最主要来源.      

典型“组群式”城市夏季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子化学特征及来源

为探究典型“组群式”城市——淄博市夏季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子化学特征及来源,于2016年8月对淄博市6个城市点（桓台、张店、临淄、淄川、博山、周村）、2个郊区点（沂源、高青）及1个清洁对照点（鲁山）同步进行PM_2.5和PM₁₀采样,分析了大气颗粒物质量浓度及9种水溶性离子的空间分布特征,并利用主成分分析方法探讨了PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性离子的主要来源.结果表明:①淄博夏季各点位（清洁对照点除外）PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度日均值范围分别为57.2~112和77.4~163 μg/m3,空间分布特征表现为城市点>郊区点>清洁对照点;各点位PM_2.5/PM₁₀（质量浓度之比）在0.61~0.80之间,表明淄博夏季大气颗粒物污染以PM_2.5为主.②水溶性离子在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中占比分别为53.3%和48.5%,其中二次无机离子分别占总离子浓度的91.4%和83.7%,表明大气颗粒物主要以二次离子为主,并且主要富集在PM_2.5中;PM_2.5中∑阴离子/∑阳离子（摩尔浓度之比）为1.07,PM₁₀中该比值为0.87,说明PM_2.5接近中性,而PM₁₀呈弱碱性.③淄博夏季各点位离子来源具有一定的空间差异性,城市点、郊区点与清洁对照点间的CD（分歧系数）均高于0.2,而城市点间CD值低于0.2,说明城市点位间的水溶性离子的化学性质较为相似.④主成分分析表明,淄博夏季大气PM_2.5中的水溶性离子可能主要来源于工业源、生物质锅炉、燃煤、二次源、道路尘及建筑尘,而PM₁₀中的离子主要来源于道路尘、建筑尘、海盐及二次源.研究显示,淄博市颗粒物污染严重,具有明显的空间分布特征,水溶性离子来源复杂,应采取分区、多源控制的污染防治对策.      

广东省土壤重金属溯源及污染源解析

近年来土壤重金属污染问题日益加剧,而土壤重金属溯源解析对土壤重金属污染防治具有重要的指导意义.本文采集并测试了广东省土壤表层(0~20 cm)1000个样本中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素的含量,选取了可能影响这些重金属元素在土壤中含量的106个因子,将其分为自然和人为两大类,基于回归模型树方法,通过R语言及Cubist模型定量计算这些影响因子对8种重金属元素在土壤中含量的贡献率,筛选不同元素的主要影响因子,进行溯源及污染源解析.结果表明:广东省土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn来源受自然因素作用大于人为因素,土壤中Hg则相反,其主要来源于工业生产,部分来源于农业生产.土壤中Cd和Hg元素的人为源具有同源性.广东省土壤重金属人为源贡献率由大到小分别为土壤As为工业农业交通人口其他;Cd为工业农业交通其他;Cr为农业工业交通、人口其他;Cu为工业农业交通其他;Hg为工业农业交通、矿区人口建筑;Ni为工业农业交通其他;Pb为工业农业其他;Zn为工业农业人口其他.本研究结果有利于指导相关产业减少污染排放,降低土壤环境质量受到的污染风险.     

基于遥感估产的2006—2015年青海果洛与玉树地区草畜平衡分析

三江源区草地资源丰富,开展草畜平衡研究,可为草原环境保护和区域经济可持续发展提供决策支持。论文以青海省果洛藏族自治州和玉树藏族自治州作为研究区,基于产草量反演和载畜量计算,结合草畜平衡指数和草地载畜压力指数两大指标开展草畜平衡分析。结果表明：2006—2013年两自治州的平均草畜平衡指数自47.1%变化至-13.8%,草畜平衡状况整体在不断改善,2014—2015年超载情况有所加重;相比于果洛藏族自治州的年均草畜平衡指数为38.15%,玉树藏族自治州的年均草畜平衡指数为33.51%,草畜平衡状况较好。建议两地区有关部门加强规划和政策调控,按照“以草定畜”的原则加强草畜平衡精细化管理,并以大数据驱动草畜平衡决策支持信息化建设。