Size distribution and chemical characteristics of particles from crop residue open burning in North China

Crop residue open burning is an important emission source of ambient particles in China. This study analyzed the particle emission characteristics of crop residue open burning through combustion experiments with a novel open combustion simulation device using three typical crop straws in north China (corn, wheat, and rice). Particle samples size ranging from 0.006–9.890 µm were collected by an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor plus, a high size-resolution instrument capable of dividing particles into 14 size stages. The size distributions of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, and elements were analyzed, and source chemical profiles were constructed for PM_0.1, PM₁, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀. The number concentration of particles was concentrated in the Aiken nuclei mode (0.006–0.054 µm), accounting for 75% of the total number, whereas the mass concentration was concentrated in the accumulation mode (0.054–0.949 µm), accounting for 85.43% of the mass loading. OC, EC, Cl^?, and K(include total K and water-soluble K) were the major chemical components of the particles, whose mass percentage distributions differed from those of other components. These five main components exhibited a bell-shaped size distribution in the 0.006–9.890 µm range, whereas the other components exhibited a U-shaped distribution. Among the chemical profiles for PM_0.1–PM₁₀, OC was the most important component at 10–30%, followed by EC at 2%–8%. The proportions of K⁺, Cl^?, and K varied substantially in different experimental groups, ranging from 0–15%, and K⁺ and Cl^? were significantly correlated (r = 0.878, α = 0.000).     

壳聚糖助凝对三氯化铁絮体形态和强度的影响

采用三氯化铁(FeCl3)为混凝剂、壳聚糖(CTS)为助凝剂进行给水混凝处理,研究了CTS助凝对FeCl3絮体形态和强度的影响.结果表明,在FeCl3投加量为29mg/L(以Fe计)、CTS投加量为0.1mg/L条件下,CTS助凝对絮体形态和强度有明显影响,分形维数由单独投加FeCl3时的1.1855增加到CTS助凝后的1.3028,絮体强度因子(SF)由50~60变为60~70,CTS助凝后形成的絮体密实、易沉降,絮体强度大且不易破碎.另外,添加CTS助凝后,TOC、色度、UV254、浊度的去除均明显提高.     

路面不平度时域模型模拟方法研究

路面不平度是引起汽车系统振动的重要激励,路面不平度时域模型是研究公路运输平顺性的基础。本文根据国标GB/T 7031-2005中对路面不平的相关规定,研究讨论了路面不平度时域模型模拟常见的傅里叶逆变换法、谐波叠加法、滤波白噪声方法,对三种方法进行简单对比,并给出相应的实用范围。     

太湖淤泥烧结砖的制备及其性能

以太湖淤泥和粉煤灰为原料,干燥后混合加湿搅拌,压制成40 mm×40 mm×40 mm的试样,经干燥后放入电阻炉中焙烧,测试分析了不同粉煤灰掺量和焙烧温度下淤泥烧结砖的吸水率、抗压强度、腐蚀性及重金属浸出等性能。结果表明:增加粉煤灰掺量,砖体吸水率增大,抗压强度降低;当粉煤灰掺量30%、烧结温度950℃时,淤泥烧结砖强度可达到13.6 MPa,满足国家承重墙(MU10)使用标准。砖体浸出液微偏碱性,但不具有腐蚀性,高温焙烧可使淤泥中重金属得到有效固化。     

我国大气颗粒物来源及特征分析

我国大气颗粒物来源复杂,呈现大气复合型污染特征,对主要污染源进行识别和定量,是制定城市空气质量改善措施的基础。本研究总结了2000年以来我国近30个城市大气可吸入颗粒物PM10源解析研究,结果表明我国大气颗粒物PM10主要来自六类源:扬尘(土壤尘、道路尘、建筑尘);燃煤;工业排放;机动车排放;生物质燃烧;SO2、NOx、VOCs氧化产生的二次颗粒物。研究还表明,不同地区不同季节大气颗粒物主要来源和相对贡献存在差异。近年来随着大气颗粒物控制措施的实施,城市PM10污染状况已明显改善,大气细颗粒物PM2.5越来越受关注,在制定空气质量达标方案时,各类燃烧源和二次颗粒物的重要性将进一步上升。     

冠状病毒IBV和噬菌体MS2在饱和多孔介质中的运移规律

为研究病毒在土壤中的运移机理,选择鸡的传染性支气管炎冠状病毒(IBV)和噬菌体(MS2)为材料,采用土柱模拟实验研究2种病毒在不同输入方式(IBV脉冲,MS2阶跃)、不同饱和多孔介质中的运移规律.结果表明,IBV在饱和玻璃珠中的运移有少量滞留和延迟;MS2在饱和砂土中的运移随着离子强度的不同而不同,存在两个临界点,分别为0.065mol/L和0.080mol/L.在离子强度从0.002mol/L升高到0.065mol/L时,病毒吸附随着离子强度的增加而迅速增加;离子强度在0.065～0.080mol/L时,病毒吸附随着离子强度的增加而迅速降低;当离子强度超过临界点0.08mol/L后,随着离子强度的增加病毒吸附缓慢增加.在相同pH值和离子强度的不同介质中,IBV比MS2吸附和滞留较多.     

PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan area, Catalonia, Spain

Levels of total suspended particles, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were continuously monitored at an urban kerbside in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona from June 1999 to June 2000. The results show that hourly levels of PM2.5 and PM1 are consistent with the daily cycle of gaseous pollutants emitted by traffic, whereas TSP and PM10 do not follow the same trend, at least in the diurnal period. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio is dependent on the traffic emissions, whereas additional contribution sources for the >10 μm fraction must be taken into account in the diurnal period. Different PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment techniques were compared. A methodology based on the chemical determination of 83% of both PM10 and PM2.5 masses allowed us to quantify the marine (4% in PM10 and <1% in PM2.5), crustal (26% in PM10 and 8% in PM2.5) and anthropogenic (54% in PM10 and 73% in PM2.5) loads. Peaks of crustal contribution to PM10 (up to 44% of the PM10 mass) were recorded under Saharan air mass intrusions. A different seasonal trend was observed for levels of sulphate and nitrate, probably as a consequence of the different thermodynamic behaviour of these PM species and the higher summer oxidation rate of SO₂.     

Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution estimated by different interpolation methods: accuracy and uncertainty analysis

Mapping the spatial distribution of contaminants in soils is the basis of pollution evaluation and risk control. Interpolation methods are extensively applied in the mapping processes to estimate the heavy metal concentrations at unsampled sites. The performances of interpolation methods (inverse distance weighting, local polynomial, ordinary kriging and radial basis functions) were assessed and compared using the root mean square error for cross validation. The results indicated that all interpolation methods provided a high prediction accuracy of the mean concentration of soil heavy metals. However, the classic method based on percentages of polluted samples, gave a pollution area 23.54-41.92% larger than that estimated by interpolation methods. The difference in contaminated area estimation among the four methods reached 6.14%. According to the interpolation results, the spatial uncertainty of polluted areas was mainly located in three types of region: (a) the local maxima concentration region surrounded by low concentration (clean) sites, (b) the local minima concentration region surrounded with highly polluted samples; and (c) the boundaries of the contaminated areas.     

呼玛河冰灾害试验研究

为了了解高寒地区水工建筑物受春季流冰的威胁程度，选取呼玛河冰为研究对象。通过一系列单轴无侧限抗压强度试验，就温度与加载速率对河冰抗压强度、应力-应变关系、弹性模量的影响进行了研究。利用统计分析与曲线拟合，得出了抗压强度与温度间的相关关系。在呼玛大桥现场进行了流冰撞击桥墩的动态测量，取得了相应的实测数据，为研究冰-结构相互作用提供了有用的资料。     

细粒含量对粉土液化特性影响的试验研究

采用动三轴仪进行粉土液化试验,研究了不同干密度、有效围压、粉粒含量及粘粒含量变化对饱和粉土液化特性的影响。试验结果表明:干密度增加,粉土动强度增加;不同有效围压对动强度的影响不大,其他条件相同时归一化的动强度比基本不变;粘粒含量和粉粒含量对粉土动强度有较大影响。粉土中粘粒含量变化对动强度的影响规律并不是单调变化的,而是在粘粒含量为8%时粉土动强度达到最小值;粉土中粉粒含量变化对动强度影响是单调线性关系,随着粉土中粉粒含量的增加,粉土动强度也线性增加。粉土中粘粒含量和粉土含量对其动强度的影响规律需从粉土的微观结构角度解释。