Sorption of uranyl ions on TiO2: Effects of pH, contact time, ionic strength, temperature and HA

Sorption of U(VI) onto TiO₂ as functions of pH, ionic strength, contact time, soil humic acid (SHA), solid-to-liquid ratio and temperature was studied under ambient conditions using batch and spectroscopic approaches. The sorption of U(VI) on TiO₂ was significantly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The presence of SHA slightly enhanced the sorption of U(VI) on TiO₂ below pH 4.0, while it inhibited U(VI) sorption in the higher pH range. U(VI) sorption on TiO₂ was favored at high temperatures, and the sorption process was estimated to be endothermic and spontaneous. Reduction of U(VI) to lower valent species was confirmed by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analysis. It is very interesting to find that U(VI) sorption on TiO₂ was promoted in solutions with higher back-ground electrolyte concentrations. In the presence of U(VI), higher back-ground electrolyte made more TiO₂ particles aggregate through (001) facets, leading more (101) facets to be exposed. Therefore, the reduction of U(VI) was enhanced by the exposed (101) facets and more U(VI) removal was observed.     

壳聚糖季铵盐磁性颗粒的制备及其对甲基橙的吸附效果

首先在甘氨酸盐酸盐离子液体([Gly]Cl)水溶液中制备了不同取代度的壳聚糖季铵盐,采用共沉淀法制备了纳米Fe3O4.进而以Fe3O4为核,戊二醛作交联剂,通过反相悬浮法制备交联壳聚糖季铵盐磁性颗粒,考察了反应条件对吸附效果的影响.并采用静态吸附法研究了磁性颗粒对甲基橙(MO)的吸附效果.结果表明,在25℃,pH=3的条件下,甲基橙初始浓度从20 mg.L-1增加到150 mg.L-1时,平衡吸附量从37.45 mg.g-1增加到277.5 mg.g-1.运用相关数学模型拟合实验数据得出,该吸附符合Freundlich模型,吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型.经4次重复使用后磁性颗粒对甲基橙的吸附率仍高于90%.     

采用不同滑面材料的滑坡模型试验研究

为研究滑坡模型试验中不同材料模拟滑带土对模型稳定性的影响,以堆载为试验方法,以位移计为主要的测试手段,进行了采用草木灰、单层塑料薄膜、双层塑料薄膜作为滑面材料的两种工况5组模型试验。通过增加模型上的堆载,增大滑体的下滑力,使滑体最终发生滑动。根据试验的初始稳定状态、最终稳定状态及监测到的模型位移曲线,确定滑坡的极限平衡状态;同时根据最终加载量,反算出滑带土模拟材料的相似抗剪强度;得出不同滑面材料的稳定性及相似抗剪强度,为滑坡支挡模型试验提供试验基础。     

新型封孔材料的性能研究及封孔长度计算

研究聚氨酯硬泡材料的渗透性能和粘结性能,旨在为煤矿瓦斯抽放和煤层注水工艺提供本质安全型的封孔材料,从而提高瓦斯抽放和煤层注水的效果,做好瓦斯、煤尘灾害的预防工作。根据达西定律设计材料渗流量的测试实验,将测定的数据进行线性拟合后,得出聚氨酯硬泡材料的渗透系数为1.00546×10-6cm/s;通过材料的抗压剪切力测试,得出聚氨酯硬泡与煤的粘结强度为387.95kPa;根据封孔模拟实验结果,选择压注药液法作为封孔方法,并根据钻孔受力平衡原则,计算得出由聚氨酯硬泡作为封孔材料的封孔长度至少为0.967m。     

热采井套损机理及套管强度优化设计

我国稠油资源丰富,然而稠油热采井套管损坏现象普遍存在,且有越来越严重的趋势,提高热采井套管寿命是稠油开采过程中迫切需要解决的问题。分析了热采井套管损坏主要原因,认为高温引起的强度变化、油层出砂亏空、固井质量差、隔热措施不利及套管本身材质问题都有可能引起热采井套管损坏。采用有限元分析软件ANSYS计算了不同隔热措施、不同注汽温度、不同注汽压力、不同套管材料及壁厚条件下套管应力分布规律。计算结果表明,为减少稠油热采井套管损坏,采用隔热措施较好的油管可以明显降低套管上的等效应力,同时在套管柱设计过程中应优选低弹性模量、厚壁套管。提出了VonMises等效应力对比高温屈服强度的校核新方法,为稠油热采井套管强度设计提供依据。     

Fabrication of PVDF nanofibrous hydrophobic composite membranes reinforced with fabric substrates via electrospinning for membrane distillation desalination

To improve the mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofibrous membrane, the nonwoven fabrics and spacer fabrics were employed as support substrates to fabricate polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) nanofibrous composite membranes. The influences of the substrate on membrane morphology, hydrophobicity, pore size and pore size distribution,porosity, mechanical strength and permeability were comprehensive evaluated. The electrospun composite membranes had a three dimension bead-fiber interconnected open structure and a rough membrane surface. The membrane surface presented a multilevel re-entrant structure and all the water contact angles were above 140°. In contrast with the pure PVDF nanofibrous membrane, the stress at break and the elastic modulus of the composite membranes increased by 4.5–16 times and 17.5–37 times, respectively. Since the spacer fabrics had less resistance to mass transfer, the membranes composited with spacer fabrics exhibited greater permeate fluxes compared with the composite membranes with the nonwoven fabrics as substrates.During the membrane distillation test, the highest permeate flux was up to 49.3 kg/m~2/hr at the feed temperature of 80°C. The long-time and repeat operation of membrane distillation desalination indicated the fabricated membrane with a good resistance to scaling and wetting.The results suggested the potential of the electrospun composite membrane for membrane distillation application.     

高强不锈钢在海水环境中的阴极保护行为研究

目的 研究不同阴极极化电位下高强不锈钢的极化行为,确定某高强不锈钢合理的阴极保护电位区间。方法 通过动电位极化测试以及电化学阻抗测试等电化学测试手段,研究此种高强不锈钢在海水中的阴极反应过程,通过不同极化电位下的恒电位极化测试,结合扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪,观察分析试样表面的腐蚀产物,研究阴极极化电位对高强不锈钢表面阴极产物膜的影响规律,以及对高强不锈钢在海水中的阴极保护效果。结果 动电位极化测试表明,在‒0.50~‒0.90 V,只需要施加很小的阴极电流,就可使极化电位发生显著变化。电化学阻抗谱测试及拟合结果表明,极化电位在‒0.70 V时,电极反应的电荷转移电阻最大,此时腐蚀被完全抑制。恒电位极化测试发现,随着电位负移,极化电流密度整体上呈现先减小、后增大的趋势。用能谱仪分析其表面产物发现,钙镁沉积层的致密度呈现先增加、后降低的趋势。结论 此种高强不锈钢在海水环境中施加阴极电位为‒0.50~‒1.00 V时,可以得到有效保护。     

Particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in typical urban of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Characterization,sources and risk assessment

• The sampling was conducted in city on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau for one year. • The groups of PAHs revealed their different environmental fates and migration paths. • Seasonal biomass burning could affect the concentration by long-distance transport. • Industrial sources and traffic emissions were the main contributor of PAHs. • Living in industrial areas or winter had higher health risk by exposure PAHs in PM_2.5. Monthly particle-phase ambient samples collected at six sampling locations in Yuxi, a high-altitude city on the edge of Southeast Asia, were measured for particle-associated PAHs. As trace substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are susceptible to the influences of meteorological conditions, emissions, and gas-particulate partitioning and it is challenging job to precise quantify the source and define the transmission path. The daily concentrations of total PM_2.5-bound PAHs ranged from 0.65 to 80.76 ng/m³, with an annual mean of 11.94 ng/m³. Here, we found that the concentration of PM_2.5-bound PAHs in winter was significantly higher than that in summer, which was mainly due to source and meteorology influence. The increase of fossil combustion and biomass burning in cold season became the main contributors of PAHs, while precipitation and low temperature exacerbated this difference. According to the concentration variation trend of PM_2.5-bound PAHs and their relationship with meteorological conditions, a new grouping of PAHs is applied, which suggested that PAHs have different environmental fates and migration paths. A combination of source analysis and trajectory model supported local sources from combustion of fossil fuel and vehicle exhaust contributed to the major portion on PAHs in particle, but on the Indochina Peninsula the large number of pollutants emitted by biomass burning during the fire season would affect the composition of PAHs through long-range transporting. Risk assessment in spatial and temporal variability suggested that citizens living in industrial areas were higher health risk caused by exposure the PM_2.5-bound PAHs than that in other regions, and the risk in winter was three times than in summer.     

山区坡顶建筑荷载作用下顺层粘土边坡稳定性分析

基于摩尔库伦本构模型和SRM法,利用MIDAS GTS NX有限元数值模拟软件,结合镇雄县某滑坡治理区域新出现隐患应急抢险工程施工方案,将该边坡在天然状态、砌石挡土墙加固、抗滑桩加固、抗滑桩+锚杆锚索框格梁加固4种工况模拟结果与现场实际情况进行对比,分析边坡及坡顶建筑稳定性。得出以下结论:该边坡砌石挡土墙的加固作用低于天然削坡状态;坡顶建筑为一层时,天然削坡的安全系数为1.069,存在安全隐患,在类似边坡修筑浅基础房屋前应对边坡进行加固处理;抗滑桩加固对坡脚滑动体起到了良好限制作用,此时边坡安全系数为1.184,仍存在安全隐患;锚杆锚索框格梁对边坡加固时,坡顶建筑与抗滑桩最大变形分别为4.92 cm与3.26 cm,相比抗滑桩加固缩小41.4%与30.2%,安全系数为1.622,相对抗滑提高40.0%,此时边坡处于安全状态。为类似边坡治理工程提供参考。     

异形阻燃木-混凝土组合梁耐火特性实验*

为提高纯木梁的耐火性能,提出异形阻燃木-混凝土组合梁提高耐火性能的方法。通过实验研究对比Π形、T形的异形阻燃木-混凝土组合梁与全混凝土梁受火特性和剩余承载力。研究结果表明:3面受火后,异形阻燃木-混凝土组合梁上部多数区域未达强度降低起始温度,全混凝土梁均超过强度降低起始温度,且受火温度远远高于木-混凝土组合梁;T形阻燃木-混凝土组合梁试件剩余承载力最大,耐火能力最强,Π形阻燃木-混凝土组合梁次之,全混凝土梁最差;异形阻燃木-混凝土组合梁受火后损坏情况轻于全混凝土梁,但产烟量大于全混凝土梁。