Determination of urine-derived odorous compounds in a source separation sanitation system

Source separation sanitation systems have attracted more and more attention recently.However, separate urine collection and treatment could induce odor issues, especially in large scale application. In order to avoid such issues, it is necessary to monitor the odor related compounds that might be generated during urine storage. This study investigated the odorous compounds that emitted from source-separated human urine under different hydrolysis conditions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, stale/fresh urine ratio and urine dilution on odor emissions. It was found that ammonia, dimethyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide and 4-heptanone were the main odorous compounds generated from human urine, with headspace concentrations hundreds of times higher than their respective odor thresholds. Furthermore, the high temperature accelerated urine hydrolysis and liquid–gas mass transfer, resulting a remarkable increase of odor emissions from the urine solution. The addition of stale urine enhanced urine hydrolysis and expedited odor emissions. On the contrary, diluted urine emitted less odorous compounds ascribed to reduced concentrations of odorant precursors. In addition,this study quantified the odor emissions and revealed the constraints of urine source separation in real-world applications. To address the odor issue, several control strategies are recommended for odor mitigation or elimination from an engineering perspective.     

太平湖水环境现状评估

在对太平湖湖水水质以及流域主要污染源进行系统调查和分析的基础上,讨论了太平湖水环境时空分布特征和主要污染特征及来源,同时对社会经济活动给太平湖水环境带来的影响进行了评估。结果表明:太平湖水质污染的主要超标因子为总氮;湖泊整体上处于中营养状态水平;污染负荷的主要来源是城镇生活污染、农村生活污染、畜禽养殖污染和水产养殖污染;太平湖流域社会经济活动给水环境带来的影响较轻。同时在分析以上问题的基础上提出了相应的对策,以期为太平湖的生态环境保护和可持续发展提供参考。     

海洋平台用高强钢强度及其耐蚀性现状及发展趋势

通过对国内外海洋平台用高强钢的种类、性能、生产标准、腐蚀及腐蚀开裂问题等方面的介绍,分析国内外海洋平台用高强钢及耐腐蚀性的现状及发展趋势,认为未来海洋平台用高强钢将向高强度、大厚度、可焊接性好及耐腐蚀方向发展,为高强钢在我国海洋领域的应用及其耐腐蚀性的发展提供参考。     

农业非点源氮污染研究进展分析

概述了非点源污染的概念、特征及非点源氮素对水环境的影响,阐述了两种形态的非点源氮素NH+4-N和NO-3-N的迁移机理、流失途径(地表径流和渗漏淋失)及其自然和人为影响因素;非点源污染负荷定量计算的方法,及计算非点源污染负荷模型的发展趋势。提出了控制农田非点源氮素的措施。     

可吸入颗粒物研究现状及发展综述

可吸入颗粒物严重影响空气质量和人体健康。人类对可吸入颗粒物的研究已经取得了相当多的成果,对其来源、组分及形成等都有了一定的认识。本文详细的综述了这部分内容,并对可吸入颗粒物的采样、分离和分析方法都做了介绍。更深层的认识可吸入颗粒物的生成机理和脱除手段是以后努力研究的方向。     

赤泥质催化剂载体的制备研究

用赤泥做主要原料掺杂粉煤灰、膨润土、碎玻璃等制备了用于除尘脱氮柱状催化剂载体材料,考察了材料配比、烧结温度、保温时间等操作条件对材料气孔率和抗压强度的影响,结果表明:烧结温度为(1 025±25)°C,保温时间为1.5 h时制备的材料达到最优,其强度是40MPa~50 MPa,孔隙率是50%~60%。透反射显微镜显示催化剂载体气孔呈圆孔蜂窝状结构。     

硫酸盐还原菌在中水中的分离及生长特性研究

硫酸盐还原菌造成的金属管件腐蚀是一个重要的环境问题。本文通过测定细菌的生长曲线和硫酸盐还原率,研究了硫酸盐还原菌在实际中水中的生长情况以及中水在不同浓缩倍率下离子强度对硫酸盐还原菌生长的影响情况。试验所用单一菌种的硫酸盐还原菌分离纯化自使用城市中水作为循环冷却水补水的北京某热电厂冷却水塔底粘泥,结果显示,在试验条件下,该硫酸盐还原菌在实际中水中可以大量繁殖生长。生长阶段分别为指数生长期、稳定生长期和衰亡期。d3时细菌数量达到峰值,10d时硫酸盐还原率可以达到58.8%。培养环境pH值的变化情况能够反映硫酸盐还原菌的活性:SRB细菌活性强,pH值升高;细菌活性降低,pH值降低。另外,实际中水经浓缩后离子强度的增加对SRB的生长繁殖起到了促进作用。     

孤岛油田二元驱采出水破乳除油技术研究

分析了孤岛油田二元驱污水特性,针对其乳化油较多,粒径大小分布不均,且较稳定的特点,设计了具有大锯齿结构特征的反相破乳剂分子结构,并合成新型高效反相破乳剂WRD-34,评价了药剂的除油性能。在孤岛孤四联合站应用此新型反相破乳剂开展破乳除油现场试验,二元驱污水的破乳效果得到明显提高,含油量由处理前的514～1 202mg/L降低到13.2～54.0 mg/L。     

Ecological niche and in-situ control of MIB producers in source water

Odor problems in source water caused by 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been a common issue in China recently, posing a high risk to drinking water safety. The earthy-musty odorant MIB has an extremely low odor threshold (4–16 ng/L) and is hard to remove via conventional processes in drinking water plants (DWP), and therefore could easily provoke complaints from consumers. This compound is produced by a group of filamentous cyanobacteria, mainly belonging to Oscillatoriales. Different from the well-studied surface-blooming Microcystis, filamentous cyanobacteria have specific niche characteristics that allow them to stay at a subsurface or deep layer in the water column. The underwater bloom of these MIB producers is therefore passively determined by the underwater light availability, which is governed by the cell density of surface scum. This suggests that drinking water reservoirs with relatively low nutrient contents are not able to support surface blooms, but are a fairly good fit to the specialized ecological niche of filamentous cyanobacteria; this could explain the widespread odor problems in source water. At present, MIB is mainly treated in DWP using advanced treatment processes and/or activated carbon, but these post-treatment methods have high cost, and not able to deal with water containing high MIB concentrations. Thus, in situ control of MIB producers in source water is an effective complement and is desirable. Lowering the underwater light availability is a possible measure to control MIB producers according to their niche characteristics, which can be obtained by either changing the water level or other measures.     

植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响

植物根系增加土壤的抗侵蚀能力主要通过两种方式一是通过根系在土体中交错、穿插,网络固持土壤;二是通过改善土壤的物理性质,提高土壤自身的水力学性质,从而增强土体的抗侵蚀能力.植物根系能明显增强土壤的抗冲性、土壤的渗透性及土体的剪切强度等水力学性质.根系在提高土壤抗侵蚀能力、防止土壤侵蚀方面具有重要作用.