太湖蓝藻水华预警监测与风速风向的关系研究

太湖蓝藻水华预警监测的启动问题基本解决,但监测响应日期和周期却一直难以确定。统计分析了太湖2007-2009年蓝藻预警监测、现场观测的历史资料,研究蓝藻水华在水体中的分布与风速风向之间的关联规律,从环境监测部门蓝藻预警监测工作的实际出发,划分出了蓝藻水华预警监测的响应级别,提出具体的监测要求,较好解决了预警监测的响应周期问题。为环太湖地区相关部门更好地开展蓝藻预警监测工作提供了科学依据。     

烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响研究

结合常规污染物浓度和PM_(2.5)化学组分浓度,分析了2015年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响。结果表明:烟花爆竹燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,其中对SO2、PM_(2.5)和PM10的影响最为显著。除夕夜间良乡、官园和怀柔3个监测站点的PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值分别达730.5、343.4、762.2μg/m~3,为2月17—25日和3月4—8日(观测期间)平均值的5.2、3.1、7.1倍。烟花爆竹燃放对PM_(2.5)组分中的SO_4~(2-)、K+和Cl-的影响最为显著,除夕夜间监测中心点位的SO_4~(2-)、K~+和Cl~-质量浓度峰值分别达92.2、95.6、57.4μg/m~3,为观测期间平均值的4.5、10.5、6.8倍。烟花爆竹燃放产生的气态前体物和NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH+4、OC等PM_(2.5)二次化学组分在不利的气象条件下会发生化学反应和物理积累,造成PM_(2.5)浓度升高,产生持续性的大气污染。根据各污染物与NH+4的质量浓度比推算得出,除夕、"破五"和元宵节3个时段烟花爆竹燃放对K~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、SO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率分别为78.4%、61.1%、37.4%、38.7%和30.1%。     

Spatial analysis for spring bloom and nutrient limitation in Xiangxi bay of three Gorges Reservoir

The spatial and temporal dynamics of physical variables, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll a were investigated in Xiangxi Bay from 23 Feb. to 28 Apr. every six days, including one daily sampling site and one bidaily sampling site. The concentrations of nutrient variables showed ranges of 0.02–3.20 mg/L for dissolved silicate (Si); 0.06–2.40 mg/L for DIN (NH₄N + NO₂N + NO₃N); 0.03–0.56 mg/L for PO₄P and 0.22–193.37 μg/L for chlorophyll a, respectively. The concentration of chlorophyll a and inorganic nutrients were interpolated using GIS techniques. The results indicated that the spring bloom was occurred twice in space during the whole monitoring period (The first one: 26 Feb.–23 Mar.; the second one: 23 Mar.–28 Apr.). The concentration of DIN was always high in the mouth of Xiangxi Bay, and PO₄P was high in the upstream of Xiangxi Bay during the whole bloom period. Si seems no obvious difference in space in the beginning of the spring bloom, but showed high heterogeneity in space and time with the development of spring bloom. By comparing the interpolated maps of chlorophyll a and inorganic variables, obvious consumptions of Si and DIN were found when the bloom status was serious. However, no obvious depletion of PO₄P was found. Spatial regression analysis could explained most variation of Chl-a except at the begin of the first and second bloom. The result indicated that Si was the factor limiting Chl-a in space before achieved the max area of hypertrophic in the first and second bloom period. When Si was obviously exhausted, DIN became the factor limiting the Chl-a in space. Daily and bidaily monitoring of Site A and B, representing for high DIN: PO₄P ratio and low DIN:PO₄P ratio, indicated that the concentration of Si was decreased with times at both site A and B, and the dramatically drop of DIN was found in the end monitoring at site B. Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that Si was the most important factor affect the development of spring bloom both at site A and B in time series.     

中国海域赤潮发生趋势的年际变化

回顾了中国海域的赤潮发生频次等数据的年际变化,尤其是进入21世纪的赤潮发生趋势,以期为赤潮灾害分析和防治提供帮助。数据表明,赤潮问题已不容忽视。总体上,赤潮发生的频次和累计面积呈现增长趋势,尤其是21世纪前10年的赤潮发生频次和规模是20世纪后50年的2倍多。与20世纪不同,东海的赤潮问题最严重,远远超过了南海;而渤海的赤潮规模也明显增加,此2海区成为赤潮的重灾区。赤潮多发生在5、6月份,但有延长的态势,对赤潮监测和预防提出了新的要求。赤潮生物,特别是有毒藻类不断增加,对渔业和人类健康造成威胁。同时也看到,赤潮的发生并非持续上涨,赤潮是可以防治的。     

烟花爆竹禁燃对春节期间东北地区空气质量影响评估

利用2015—2017年春节期间东北地区主要大气污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O3)质量浓度监测资料及相应气象因子(温度、湿度、风速和气压)观测资料,分析了春节期间烟花爆竹禁燃对东北地区空气质量的影响。结果表明:随着东北地区主要城市禁燃力度的增强,空气质量逐年提升,PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度逐年大幅度下降。禁燃可明显降低城区PM_(2.5)浓度,而由于春节期间污染源整体减少,城区和城郊监测点PM_(2.5)浓度值差异减小。烟花爆竹对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度影响高于对气体污染物SO_2、NO_2和CO的影响。此外,气象条件对东北地区春节期间禁燃改善空气质量的效果也有明显影响。因此,结合春节期间的气象条件,在东北地区实施禁燃政策动态调整非常必要。     

基于入户称重调研的居民春节食物消费和浪费特征

节庆期间食物消费是中国居民食物消费的重要组成,但目前缺乏对其特征结构的精准刻画。本文利用大学生网络,于2018年春节期间实地入户称重调研,获得连续3天192户1728餐居民家庭食物消费的一手数据,定量分析居民春节期间食物消费与浪费的结构和特征。研究结果表明：（1）春节期间,人均食物消费量为541.05 g/(人·餐),浪费量为30.72 g/(人·餐),浪费率为5.68%,高于非节庆时期3个百分点。（2）食物消费多为生鲜食品与平日不会每日购买的“奢侈品”,以蔬菜（21.73%）、肉类（17.77%）、大米（12.45%）、水果（8.39%）和水产类（7.88%）为主。食物浪费结构与食物消费结构相似,以蔬菜（26.20%）、肉类（21.58%）、大米（16.34%）、水产类（11.78%）和酒水（8.43%）为主。（3）春节期间,不同人口规模的家庭食物消费水平差异显著,城乡家庭、不同收入及不同人口规模的家庭食物浪费水平具有显著差异。农村家庭人均食物消费量和浪费量均高于城市家庭;经济水平高和人口规模小的家庭食物消费和浪费量更高。研究结果定量刻画了中国居民春节期间的食物消费特征,为中国《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》中食物浪费的监测评估提供数据支撑,具有重要借鉴意义。     

三峡水库小江夏初水华暴发特征及原因分析

2013年5月对三峡水库小江回水区的水华发生过程进行了连续的动态监测与分析,以期了解水华过程中浮游植物群落结构的变化情况、小江夏初水华暴发特征及其主要的影响因素。期间共鉴定出浮游植物8门80属136种(含变种),以绿藻类为主(35属48种),蓝藻类(10属31种)和硅藻类(18属30种)次之,水华发生后期浮游植物及其蓝藻类的种类数少于初期和中期。浮游植物群落组成表现为蓝藻-绿藻型,且蓝藻门微囊藻占绝对优势,细胞丰度最高可达90%以上。浮游植物数量最高达10⁷cells/L以上,表层水体大于中层和底层水体。水华过程中,总氮处于重富营养水平,总磷处于轻-中富营养水平,不同水层的流速变化规律不同,其中中层与底层水体理化因子的变化特征基本一致,与表层水体有显著差异。冗余分析结果表明,浮游植物细胞总数与蓝藻数量及其微囊藻数量密切相关,与溶解氧、氮磷比等呈正相关,与总磷、流速等呈负相关,氮磷比及流速是水华发生的主要环境影响因素。     

Significant contribution of spring northwest transport to volatile organic compounds in Beijing

High values of ozone (O₃) occur frequently in the dry spring season; thus, understanding the evolution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in spring is of great significance for preventing O₃ pollution. In this study, a total of 101 VOCs from April 16 to May 21, 2019, were quantified using an online gas chromatography mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GCMS/FID). The results indicated that the observed concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 30.4 ± 17.0 ppbv, and it was dominated by alkanes (44.3%), followed by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (17.4%), halocarbons (12.7%), aromatics (9.5%), alkenes (8.2%), acetylene (5.3%) and carbon disulfide (2.5%). The average mixing ratio of VOCs showed obvious diurnal variation (high at night, low during daytime). We conducted a source apportionment study based on 32 major VOCs using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and coal + biomass burning (25.2%), diesel exhaust (16.0%), gasoline exhaust + evaporation (17.4%), secondary + long-lived species (16.7%), biogenic sources (4.3%), industrial emissions (9.3%) and solvent use (11.2%) were identified as major sources of VOCs. In addition to local emissions, most of the atmospheric VOCs were derived from long-distance air masses (65.7%), and the average mixing ratio of VOCs in the northwest direction was 29.4 ppbv. Combined with the results of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) indicate that research should focus on the local emissions of combustion, transportation sources and solvents usage to control atmospheric VOCs. Additionally, transmission of the northwest air mass is an important component that cannot be ignored during spring in Beijing.     

Environmental factors influencing cyanobacteria community structure in Dongping Lake, China

The present study was conducted to provide a detailed understanding of the variation in cyanobacterial communities of Dongping Lake, which is the final water volume adjusting and storing lake in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria was assessed from May 2010 to October 2012 based on monthly samples collected from three stations. Over the 30-month survey, 15 genera and 25 species of cyanobacteria were identified, with cyanobacterial abundance at each monitoring station ranging from undetected to 3.04×107 cells/L, average of 4.27×106 cells/L. The dominant cyanobacterial species were Pseudanabaena limnetica and Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi and not the usual bloom-forming genera such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables exhibited substantial changes over the period of survey. Redundancy analysis, Pearson correlations, and regression analysis were applied to analyze the relationships among the variables. The results suggested that temperature and chemical oxygen demand were key drivers of the cyanobacterial community composition in Dongping Lake. In addition, the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the lake had a profound efect on the cyanobacterial abundance as a non-limiting factor in warm periods.     

上海市郊春节期间大气颗粒物及其组分的粒径分布

利用电称低压冲击仪(ELPI)在线监测上海市嘉定区2009年春节前后不同粒径(50%切割粒径分别为:0.03、0.06、0.11、0.17、0.26、0.40、0.65、1.00、1.60、2.50、4.40、6.80μm)大气颗粒物的粒子数浓度变化.对比春节与非节日期间该地区大气颗粒物(<0.49、0.49—0.95、0.95—1.50、1.50—3.00、3.00—7.20、>7.20μm)中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Pb 17种元素,F-、Cl-、NO 2-、SO24-、NO 3-、Na+、NH 4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+10种离子与有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)质量浓度的粒径分布.结果表明,春节对于大气颗粒物粒子数浓度的影响主要集中在0.11—1.60μm.如果以3.00μm为界将大气颗粒物划分成细(≤3.00μm)和粗(>3.00μm)颗粒物时,春节影响体现在细颗粒的元素为:Na、As、Pb,且主要集中于<0.49μm颗粒中;春节影响集中于大颗粒(>7.20μm)的元素为:Ni、Co;没有受到显著影响的为:Ca、V、Mn、Fe、Z...