北京市春节期间大气污染分析

分析了北京市鞭炮燃放禁改限前禁放区和非禁放区除夕夜大气污染变化规律的明显差异,以及禁改限后,以上区域大气污染变化的趋同特点.同时评估了2000～2006年春节期间空气污染状况.结果表明,大量鞭炮的集中燃放造成了大气短时严重污染,但随鞭炮燃放的减少,污染状况迅速改善.燃放鞭炮对不同大气污染物的影响存在差异,PM₁₀污染最严重;SO₂、Nox浓度也有明显升高;CO则存在一定滞后,甚至没有明显响应.禁改限前非禁放区内存在明显的燃放污染高峰,禁放区则未出现.鞭炮燃放对大气颗粒物细粒子影响最显着,对粗粒子特别是粒径10～20μm之间的颗粒物影响不大.春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少,导致空气质量好转,2000～2006年正月初一～正月十五PM₁₀浓度比冬季均值(12月～2月)低16%,比年均浓度低20%,但受一定气象条件影响.     

龟石水库夏季富营养化状况与蓝藻水华暴发特征

龟石水库是贺州市主要的饮用水源,2014年夏季第一次暴发大规模的蓝藻水华.本研究通过分析水体的富营养化时空变化规律、外源污染来源以及浮游藻类群落结构动态变化特征,进而评价水体的富营养化状况,并提出合理的防控措施.结果表明,水库的氮磷浓度逐年升高,TN含量已远超过地表水Ⅱ类标准,部分样点的TP含量也超过Ⅱ类标准,且主要来源为规模化养殖和农业面源污染.水华期间浮游藻类细胞密度变化范围为8.60×10~6~5.36×10~8cells·L~(-1),水华优势种为惠氏微囊藻,密度最高达到5.36×10~8cells·L~(-1)以上,叶绿素a浓度最高为74.48μg·L~(-1),惠氏微囊藻细胞密度随时间推移呈现逐渐降低的趋势,并且垂直方向集中分布在表层及水下2 m处.水华期间浮游藻类总细胞密度与TN、TP、NO_3~--N和高锰酸盐指数呈现显著正相关,与透明度呈显著负相关.微囊藻毒素监测结果表明龟石水库水质未受到微囊藻毒素的污染.综合分析,对于中营养水平的龟石水库而言,蓝藻水华的防控既要关注气候和气象条件,更要尽量削减氮、磷营养盐入库量,维持较低营养盐水平是防范蓝藻水华的关键.     

水环境中微囊藻毒素研究进展

随着水体污染和富营养化进程的加剧,淡水水华暴发的频率和强度亦趋严重,笔者综述了有毒水华发生过程中释放的主要次级代谢物——微囊藻毒素的研究现状。该毒素是一类具有多种异构体的环状多肽物质。由于其毒性大、分布广、结构稳定,从而成为水环境中的潜在危害物质。对微囊藻毒素的产生、迁移及转化途径的研究已成为关注热点。微囊藻毒素作为安全性评价的风险因子,其分析方法主要有液相色谱和酶联免疫法等。为改善水源水质,逐步发展了包括物理、化学、生物等手段的控制方法。在总结国内外研究的基础上,根据我国实情,提出了微囊藻毒素在大型富营养化湖泊治理中的研究内容和方向。      

AVHRR遥感数据在海表赤潮细胞数探测中的应用

以1998年渤海赤潮过程中的现场实测资料和同步的NOAA－14的AVHRR数据,以植被指数（NDVI）为基础,建立了渤海叉角藻赤潮生物细胞数遥感探测模型,该模型使用简便,可以有效地利用目前正在运行的气象卫星数据进行赤潮的业务化监测,直接获取赤潮浮游植物细胞数这个指标,确定赤潮的发生范围,赤潮面积以及赤潮生物分布的密集区,并计算细胞分裂速度以判定赤潮的生消状况,为赤潮灾害的应急防治工作提供依据。同时可以区分赤潮水体与其他如何流或排污口排放的泥沙或悬浮物,以消除这些物质对赤潮识别带来的影响。     

汉江中下游硅藻水华形成条件及其防治对策

文章总结了汉江中下游五次硅藻水华开始发生的时间、地点及范围、持续时间、浮游植物最高密度以及浮游植物群落结构特点,1992-2000年汉江中下游硅藻水华呈现加重趋势,2000年以后,硅藻水华发生范围有所减小,但发生频度明显增加。在对历次硅藻水华形成的气象条件、水文条件、营养条件和生物条件进行分析的基础上,从控制汉江污染途径、提高汉江中下游硅藻水华预警时效和生态调水方式等方面,提出了防治汉江中下游硅藻水华对策。     

Effects of sludge dredging on the prevention and control of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake, China

Algae-caused black bloom (also known as black water agglomerate) has recently become a critical problem in some Chinese lakes.It has been suggested that the occurrence of algae-caused black bloom was caused by the cooperation of nutrient-rich sediment with dead algae,and sludge dredging was adopted to control black bloom in some lakes of China.In this article,based on the simulation of black bloom using a Y-shape apparatus for modeling natural conditions,both un-dredged and dredged sites in three areas of Taihu Lake,China were studied to estimate the effects of dredging on the prevention and control of black bloom.During the experiment,drained algae were added to all six sites as an additional organic load;subsequently,the dissolved oxygen decreased rapidly,dropping to 0 mg/L at the sediment-water interface.Black bloom did not occur in the dredged sites of Moon Bay and Nan Quan,whereas all three un-dredged sites at Fudu Port,Moon Bay and Nan Quan experienced black bloom.Black bloom also occurred at the dredged site of Fudu Port one day later than at the other sites,and the odor and color were lighter than at the other locations.The color and odor of the black water mainly result from the presence of sulfides such as metal sulfides and hydrogen sulfide,among other chemicals,under reductive conditions.The color and odor of the water,together with the high concentrations of nutrients,were mainly caused by the decomposition of the algae and the presence of nutrient-rich sediment.Overall,the removal of the nutrient-rich sediment by dredging can prevent the occurrence and control the degree of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake.     

壳聚糖改性粘土对水华优势藻铜绿微囊藻的絮凝去除

研究了壳聚糖改性对粘土絮凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响.经壳聚糖包覆改性后的海泡石在投加总量仅为11 mg/L时,0.5h即可去除80%的藻细胞,2h去除率达到90%.不同粘土改性后絮凝除藻能力均有大幅度提高,原来除藻能力相去甚远的不同粘土,包括一般的黄土,改性后除藻能力被提升到相近的水平,投加量11 mg/L,可去除铜绿微囊藻90%以上.改性粘土和一般絮凝剂一样有一最佳投加量(本研究为11 mg/L),低于或超过此最佳值,絮凝除藻效果均下降.     

以浮游植物评价太湖春季水质污染及富营养化

通过太湖浮游植物群落生态学的研究 ,对太湖春季水质污染及富营养化进行总评及分区评价。就太湖总体而论 ,藻量均值达 2 88× 1 0 6个细胞 /L ,硅藻指数 1 1 0 ,污染指示种占 58 8% ,各样点多以蓝藻 (微囊藻为主 )占优势 ,其分布频度达 1 0 0 % ,多度达 6 5 5% ,表明太湖受到中等程度的污染。与过去同期太湖浮游植物的调查资料对比表明人为富营养化进程有所减缓。     

Denitrification and the controlling factors in Yunnan Plateau Lakes (China): Exploring the role of enhanced internal nitrogen cycling by algal blooms

Denitrification plays an important role in nitrogen(N) removal in freshwater ecosystems.This internal process regulates the fluctuations of N concentration, especially for lakes with high nutrients concentrations and long residence time. Lakes in Yunnan plateau(southwestern China) provide typical cases, while studies in this region have been rare.Therefore, we studied denitrification of two lakes(Lake Dianchi in hypereutrophic state and Lake Erhai in mesotrophic) in this region. We used acetylene inhibition technique to quantify potential denitrification rate(PDR) of these lakes in April and August, 2015 and 2016. PDR of the sediments ranged 0–1.21 μmol/(N·m~2·hr), and that of overlying water ranged 0–0.24 μmol/(N·L·hr). Then, we used Least Angle Regression to determine the controlling factors for denitrification. Nutrients controlled PDR from two aspects: providing essential nitrogen sources; and affecting the richness and metabolism of denitrifying bacteria. In April, both aspects limited PDR; while only nitrogen sources limited PDR in August, due to depleted nitrate and enhanced denitrifying bacteria activity. Ammonia was most significant to denitrification, indicating that nitrate from nitrification transported to the bottom of wellmixed lake provide major N source by denitrification. The high PDR and low nitrate concentrate in August were evidence of an enhanced internal N cycling by algal blooms.     

排列法检测围隔生态实验中加磷对浮游植物结构的影响

分析了1997和1998年3次围隔实验中的浮游生物结构和环境因子，检验加P及赤潮前后的变化和对它们的影响。采用因子分析（EA）和关联分析（CA），得出浮游植物种类集合的序列，根据因子分析和关 联分析的前两个轴建立平面坐标，并用方差分析（ANOVA）检验其差异，探讨加P及赤潮相关的群落结构模式。建立种类序列坐标轴，为确定种对结构分散的重要程度评估提供 客观方法，并用方差检验差异确立加P发生赤潮和 分浮游植物的体积进行了测量，并用经验公式计算了单个细胞的碳含量。