微囊藻毒素研究进展

蓝藻水华使水的感官性状恶化，水体自净能力降低，其中的蓝绿藻会产生对健康有潜在威胁的微囊藻毒素，是淡水水体中危害最大的一类。就国内外近年来对微囊藻毒素的毒理、危害和流行病学等方面的研究作一综述。     

南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水华的影响及对策研究(Ⅰ)——汉江水华发生的关键因子分析

为了评估南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水华的影响,在广泛现场监测、资料收集、调查论证工作的基础上,应用水动力学模型和富营养化动力学模型对汉江水华发生的成因和关键因子进行了分析。汉江水华发生的主要原因有3个:汉江中游进入城区的排污量日趋增大,藻类等生物所需的氮、磷等营养物质严重过量(此乃根本原因);汉江水枯同时长江水位增高使汉江流速变缓,产生类似于湖泊的水流特性;春季气温偏高。在已满足藻类生长需求的营养条件下,流量和流速是制约汉江水华发生的关键(敏感)因子,南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水华的影响将主要体现在水文因子上。     

ALGAL BLOOM PROBABILITY IN A LARGE SUBTROPICAL LAKE1

ABSTRACT: Algal blooms, defined as chlorophyll α concentrations greater than 40 μg l^?1, are common in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Using logistic regression techniques, we have developed equations that relate limnological variables to algal bloom occurrence in four distinct open-water regions of this large shallow lake: central pelagic, northwest, southwest, and a transition region between the western and pelagic regions. Wind velocity and total phosphorus, which are closely related to resuspended material in the central region, are negatively related to algal bloom occurrence there. In the transition region, algal bloom occurrence is positively related to total nitrogen and wind velocity. Algal bloom occurrence is strongly and positively related to total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in the western regions. The logistic regression model predicts an algal bloom probability greater than 95 percent in the northwest region when total phosphorus exceeds 0.10 mg l^?1 and total nitrogen exceeds 2.5 mg l^?1. In the southwest region the model predicts algal bloom probability of 100 percent when total phosphorus exceeds 0.10 mg l^?1 and total nitrogen exceeds 2.8 mg l^?1. Given 1994 mean total phosphorus concentrations of 0.05 and 0.04 mg l^?1 in the northwest and southwest regions, respectively, total nitrogen would have to remain below 1.32 and 1.43 mg l^?1, respectively, to keep the algal bloom probability below 10 percent. Because the lake is heterogenous, such nutrient standards should be considered on an in-lake regional basis for Lake Okeechobee.     

Interrelations of Epibiontic Microalgae and Crustacean Zooplankton under Conditions of a Blooming Eutrophic Water Body

The possibility of symbiotic, mutualistic (++) interrelations between epibiontic microalgae (Characidiopsis ellipsoidea, Colacium vesiculosum) and cyclopoids (Cyclops vicinus, Mesocyclops leukarti) in the Bugach recreational reservoir with a bloom of cyanobacteria is demonstrated. Overgrown cyclopoids, compared to those free from microalgae, have advantages in oxygen supply, which may be insufficient in the period of intensive algal bloom. Calculations have shown that oxygen requirements of cyclopoids may be fully satisfied due to C. vesiculosum photosynthetic activity in the dysphotic zone if the density of overgrowth exceeds 1000 algal cells per individual. There is no significant correlation between the natural mortality of crustaceans and the indices of their overgrowth by microalgae.     

Three-dimensional unstructured-mesh eutrophication model and its application to the Xiangxi River, China

The Xiangxi River is one of the main tributaries in the Three Gorges reservoir, with the shortest distance to the Three Gorges Project Dam. Severe and frequent algal bloom events have occurred frequently in the Xiangxi River in recent years. Therefore, the current study develops a three-dimensional unstructured-mesh model to investigate the dynamic process of algal bloom. The developed model comprises three modules, namely, hydrodynamics, nutrient cycles, and phytoplankton ecological dynamics. A number of factors, including hydrodynamic condition, nutrient concentration, temperature, and light illumination, that would affect the evolution of phytoplankton were considered. Moreover, the wave equation was used to solve the free surface fluctuations and vertical Z-coordinates with adjustable layered thicknesses. These values, in turn, are suitable for solving the algal bloom problems that occurred in the river style reservoir that has a complex boundary and dramatically changing hydrodynamic conditions. The comparisons between the modeling results and field data of years 2007 and 2008 indicate that the developed model is capable of simulating the algal bloom process in the Xiangxi River with reasonable accuracy. However, hydrodynamic force and external pollution loads affect the concentrations of nutrients, which, along with the underwater light intensity, could consequently affect phytoplankton evolution. Thus, flow velocity cannot be ignored in the analysis of river algal bloom. Based on the modeling results, building an impounding reservoir and increasing the releasing discharge at appropriate times are effective ways for controlling algal bloom.     

Isolation, identification and characterization of an algicidal bacterium from Lake Taihu and preliminary studies on its algicidal compounds

In an effort to identify a bio-agent capable of controlling cyanobacterial blooms, we isolated a bacterial strain, A27, which exhibited strong algicidal activity against the dominant bloom-forming species of Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Taihu. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this strain belongs to the genus Exiguobacterium. This is the first report of an algicidal bacterial strain belonging to the genus Exiguobacterium. Strain A27 exhibited algicidal activity against a broad range of cyanobacteria, but elicited little or no algicidal activity against the two green algal strains tested. The algicidal activity of strain A27 was shown to be dependent on the density of the bacteria and to have a threshold density of 1.5× 10⁶ CFU/mL. Our data also showed that the algicidal activity of strain A27 depended on different growth stages of Microcystis aeruginosa (exponential ≈ lag phase > early stationary) rather than that of the bacterium itself. Our results also suggested the algicidal activity of strain A27 occurred via the production of extracellular algicidal compounds. Investigation of the algicidal compounds revealed that there were at least two different algicidal compounds produced by strain A27. These results indicated that strain A27 has great potential for use in the control of outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu.     

Quantification of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations during the 2009 and 2010 blooms in Lake Taihu using quantitative real-time PCR

Lake Taihu, a large, shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China, has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades. Spatial changes in the abundance of hepatotoxin microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations were investigated in the lake in August of 2009 and 2010. To monitor the densities of the total Microcystis population and the potential microcystin-producing subpopulation, we used a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin synthetase gene (mcyD), respectively. On the basis of quantification by real-time PCR analysis, the abundance of potential toxic Microcystis genotypes and the ratio of the mcyD subpopulation to the total Microcystis varied significantly, from 4.08× 10⁴ to 5.22× 10⁷ copies/mL, from 5.7% to 65.8%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between chlorophyll-a, toxic Microcystis and total Microcystis; the abundance of toxic Microcystis correlated positively with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations, but negatively with TN:TP ratio and nitrate concentrations. Meanwhile the proportion of potential toxic genotypes within Microcystis population showed positive correlation with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations. Our data suggest that increased phosphorus loading may be a significant factor promoting the occurrence of toxic Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.     

芦苇化感物质对藻类细胞膜选择透性的影响

以藻类渗出的K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度为表征,以ICP-MS检测为手段,研究了芦苇抑藻化感物质2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯(eathyl-2-methyl acetoacetate, EMA)对铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻和普通小球藻细胞膜选择透性的影响. 结果表明, 在实验条件下, 铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻细胞经煮沸完全破坏细胞膜时K⁺渗出量为1 .45、1 .59 μg·(10⁹ cell)^-1, 当EMA浓度为2 mg·L^-1时, 铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻的K⁺渗出量为1 .38、1 .40 μg·(10⁹ cell)^-1,当EMA浓度为4 mg·L^-1时, 铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻的K⁺渗出量为1 .44、1 .58 μg·(10⁹ cell)^-1,离子渗出量达到完全破坏细胞膜最大渗出量的95%以上. EMA浓度为4 mg·L^-1时,普通小球藻的细胞内K⁺渗出量为0 .64 μg·(10⁹ cell)^-1, 仅为完全破坏细胞膜后K⁺渗出量的31 .5%. EMA对Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺的渗出量的影响规律与K⁺相同. EMA破坏了铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻的细胞膜,但对普通小球藻的细胞膜透性没有显著影响.这是EMA选择性抑藻的机理之一.     

太湖水华期营养盐空间分异特征与赋存量估算

基于2013年7月的空间高密度采样数据,对太湖水华期水体营养盐进行了空间分异特征分析及赋存量估算,探讨了大型浅水湖泊不同生态类型湖区水华与营养盐的相关关系及样点设置的代表性.结果发现,水华期太湖水体营养盐及叶绿素a浓度(CHL)总体上均呈现由西北向东南降低的趋势;氮主要以溶解态存在,占总氮(TN)的76.28%,磷主要以颗粒态赋存,占总磷(TP)的66.38%.采用主成分分析和聚类分析,可以将采样点分为相互之间具有显著性差异的4个区域:第一区位于西北湖区,代表水华严重的重富营养湖区;第二区主要包括梅梁湾及南太湖的入湖河口一带湖区,代表水华和富营养化程度都相对中等的湖区;第三区包括湖心区和西南湖区,代表中等污染但水华频现湖区;第四区包括贡湖湾、胥口湾和东太湖等其他区域,代表水华影响较弱、水质较好湖区.分区统计分析表明,不同湖区影响浮游藻类生长的因子也不同:从全湖来看,与CHL显著相关的营养盐指标为TP、TN、溶解性总氮(TDN)和硝态氮(NO-3-N),而在第一区则为TP和TDN,第二区为TN和TDN,第三区为TP、磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)和TDN,第四区为PO3-4-P、溶解性总磷(TDP)和亚硝酸盐(NO-2-N).基于空间插值获得调查期间太湖水体TN、TDN、TP和TDP的赋存量分别为12 800、9 800、445和150 t.研究表明,作为一个大型浅水湖泊,因蓝藻水华空间迁移积聚特征和生态类型异化等特征,太湖水华期的营养盐具有高度空间异质性,对于此类大型浅水湖泊的监测与评价,应当考虑点位的合理布设及结果的恰当解读,避免因监测布点和统计方法不当而以偏概全.     

Tiny Stowaways: Analyzing the Economic Benefits of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Regulating Ballast Water Discharges

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed permitting ballast water discharges—a benefit of which would be to reduce the economic damages associated with the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. Research on ship-borne aquatic invasive species has been conducted in earnest for decades, but determining the economic damages they cause remains troublesome. Furthermore, with the exception of harmful algal blooms, the economic consequences of microscopic invaders have not been studied, despite their potentially great negative effects. In this paper, we show how to estimate the economic benefits of preventing the introduction and spread of harmful bacteria, microalgae, and viruses delivered in U.S. waters. Our calculations of net social welfare show the damages from a localized incident, cholera-causing bacteria found in shellfish in the Gulf of Mexico, to be approximately $706,000 (2006$). On a larger scale, harmful algal species have the potential to be transported in ships’ ballast tanks, and their effects in the United States have been to reduce commercial fisheries landings and impair water quality. We examine the economic repercussions of one bloom-forming species. Finally, we consider the possible translocation within the Great Lakes of a virus that has the potential to harm commercial and recreational fisheries. These calculations illustrate an approach to quantifying the benefits of preventing invasive aquatic microorganisms from controls on ballast water discharges. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.