洋河水库蓝藻水华爆发预测影响因子研究

为了预测洋河水库富营养化变化趋势和蓝藻水华爆发的风险,对洋河水库水体进行采样,分析其环境质量.研究结果表明,近年来洋河水库叶绿素a含量处于高位,氮、磷含量不断上升,特别是总氮质量浓度在5 mg/L左右,主要以硝态氮的形式存在,富营养化程度不断加剧,具有大规模爆发蓝藻水华的风险.对洋河水库藻华爆发的环境条件进行分析,提出...     

磷化氢在湖泊磷生物地球化学循环中的作用

重点介绍磷化氢对湖泊富营养化和在湖泊磷的生物地球化学循环中的作用，并探讨其形成机理。     

夏季太湖蓝藻水华暴发与臭氧污染的关联性

夏季受东南季风、湖流等因素影响,太湖蓝藻向西北部水域集聚,该区域平均藻密度可高达1×109个/L以上,其中蓝藻集中堆积的近湖岸区域藻类密度更高,蓝藻在不同生命阶段释放的藻源性VOCs的成分谱和产生量有较大差异,其中烯烃和有机胺反应活性较强。蓝藻水华高发期太湖西岸非甲烷总烃的浓度约为常州市区的3.3倍,日变化趋势符合蓝藻代谢规律。太湖西部蓝藻水华、湖西区的非甲烷总烃浓度和臭氧污染程度时空变化规律表明:太湖西部(宜兴)是整个流域臭氧污染最严重的区域,其臭氧污染的形成与太湖蓝藻水华暴发有关联性。     

Observations of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deposition During the Period of Algal Bloom Formation in Northern Lake Taihu,China

Cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu occurred at the end of April 2007 and had crucial impacts on the livelihood of millions of people living there. Excessive nutrients may promote bloom formation. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition appears to play an important role in algal bloom formation. Bulk deposition and rain water samples were collected respectively from May 1 to November 30, 2007, the period of optimal algal growth, to measure the bulk atmospheric deposition rate, wet deposition rate, and dry deposition rate for total nitrogen (TN; i.e., all species of nitrogen), and total phosphorus (TP; i.e., all species of phosphorus), in northern Lake Taihu, China. The trends of the bulk atmospheric deposition rate for TN and the wet deposition rate for TN showed double peaks during the observation period and distinct influence with plum rains and typhoons. Meanwhile, monthly bulk atmospheric deposition rates for TP showed little influence of annual precipitation. However, excessive rain may lead to high atmospheric N and P deposition rates. In bulk deposition samples, the average percentage of total dissolved nitrogen accounting for TN was 91.2% and changed little with time. However, the average percentage of total dissolved phosphorus accounting for TP was 65.6% and changed substantially with time. Annual bulk atmospheric deposition rates of TN and TP during 2007 in Lake Taihu were estimated to be 2,976 and 84 kg km⁻² a⁻¹, respectively. The results showed decreases of 34.4% and 78.7%, respectively, compared to 2002–2003. Annual bulk deposition load of TN for Lake Taihu was estimated at 6,958 t a⁻¹ in 2007 including 4,642 t a⁻¹ of wet deposition, lower than the values obtained in 2002–2003. This may be due to measures taken to save energy and emission control regulations in the Yangtze River Delta. Nevertheless, high atmospheric N and P deposition loads helped support cyanobacterial blooms in northern Lake Taihu during summer and autumn, the period of favorable algal growth.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.     

混合层深度对藻类生长的影响研究

三峡水库蓄水后,支流库湾频繁暴发水华.为研究水华暴发关键因子,以临界层理论为指导,于2012年初冬季,在香溪河野外观测站建立围隔实验系统,研究水体混合对藻类生长的影响机制.围隔水下深度按梯度布设,表底掺混均匀,并注入由浮游动物网过滤的低Chl-a浓度的香溪河河水.结果表明,Zeu/Zmix(真光层深度与混合层深度之比)>1的围隔藻类生长迅速并暴发水华,Chl-a浓度最高达到90 mg·m-3,反之生长缓慢.临界层理论适用于本实验,Zeu/Zmix也存在一个临界值,低于临界值浮游植物生长会受光限制而不易暴发水华;在临界层理论的基础上,分析得藻类净初级生产力与Zmix存在负相关关系,即Zmix越小藻类净初级生产力越大.     

Variation of cyanobacteria with different environmental conditions in Nansi Lake, China

Nansi Lake is located on the east line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. A comprehensive study was carried out to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in the lake from June 2008 to May 2011 based on monthly sample monitoring from five stations. The effect of environmental factors on cyanobacterial abundance was also evaluated. The cyanobacterial community contained 15 genera and 23 species. The cyanobacterial abundance of each monitoring station ranged from 0 to 1.53× 10⁷ cells/L with an average of 1.45×10⁶ cells/L, which accounted for 11.66% of the total phytoplankton abundance. The dominant species of cyanobacteria were Pseudanabaena (32.94%) and Merismopedia (19.85%), not the bloom-forming algae such as Microcystis and Anabaena. In addition, the cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables changed substantially over the survey period. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that temperature and phosphorus were important environmental factors that affected cyanobacteria. Temperature was the most important factor affecting cyanobacterial abundance. The effect of phosphorus on cyanobacterial abundance was more notable in warm periods than in periods with low temperature.     

2009~2018年太湖湖泛强度变化及其影响因素

基于2009~2018年的每年4~10月对太湖湖泛易发区的逐日巡查成果,以及相关太湖气象、水文、水质和水华监测资料的综合分析,揭示了太湖湖泛发生的环境条件及年际差异性特征,分析了影响太湖湖泛强度年际变化的因素及防控途径.结果表明,2009~2018年10 a中太湖共发生大小湖泛事件75次,平均湖泛面积1.35 km²,最大面积9.20 km²,平均持续时间3 d,最长持续16 d;湖泛发生引起了水体有机质、氮和磷等水质指标明显增高;湖泛的发生均在水温20℃以上,发生首日均处在5~9月;年际湖泛强度变化较大,2017年湖泛强度最大,2018年次之,而2014年湖泛强度最小;年际湖泛强度与蓝藻水华强度及5~9月的湖水平均温度显著正相关,而与水体营养盐等指标关系不密切,表明年际气候条件的波动对湖泛情势影响很大;湖泛的形成与河口区蓝藻水华的堆积关系密切：除了5次草源性湖泛外,70次藻源性湖泛均发生在入湖河口附近水域,河口区的底泥污染状况及底泥悬浮状况可能对湖泛的发生具有促进作用.根据形成湖泛的腐烂物质、来源、发生地点和持续时间的不同,可将湖泛分为藻源性湖泛和草源性湖泛这2种类型,藻源性湖泛又可分为港源型、迁移型和原发型这3种.结果表明,控制蓝藻水华强度是降低湖泛风险的根本途径,而避免河口区蓝藻水华过度堆积及厌氧分解的措施,如对蓝藻水华的及时打捞、工程措施形成的局部流场改变、蓝藻水华的离岸打捞工程和滨岸水华堆积区的应急曝气工程,以及河口区的污染底泥疏浚等工程措施,是降低湖泛发生风险的工程措施选项.     

Long-term joint effect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication affect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0℃. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the effect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint effect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

东海赤潮频发区石油烃的季节分布特征

根据2002年4月～2003年3月对东海赤潮高发区表层海水中石油烃污染状况进行的四季现场调查,探讨了该海区石油烃的季节分布特征.结果表明,该海域受到了石油烃的轻度污染,表层海水中石油烃的含量具有明显的时间差异.石油烃的平均浓度夏季最高(0.124 mg/L),春、秋季居中(约0.08 mg/L),冬季最低(0.032 mg/L).并根据调查区域油类污染物排海量及水文情况,对各季节石油烃的水平分布特征进行了初步的分析.