POLICY IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION ELECTRICITY DEMAND IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Accurately estimating the price elasticity of demand for irrigation electricity is important to major electricity suppliers such as the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) of the Pacific Northwest. The BPA has a revenue maximization objective, and the elasticity of demand is central to its rate setting process. Several studies have attempted to estimate demand for irrigation electricity, but none has explicitly included federal agricultural policy and program variables. Tins paper discusses how agricultural programs may influence farmers irrigation decisions and thus their demand for irrigation electricity. It suggests that existing programs serve to make farmers more responsive to electricity rate increases than would otherwise be the case. Thus, studies that fail to include them may underestimate the responsiveness of farmers to electricity rate increases.     

Determinants of the marginal willingness to pay for improved domestic water and irrigation in partially electrified Rwandan villages

Access to water for domestic and irrigation uses remains limited across Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in rural areas. While the technical feasibility of implementing innovative technologies to improve water supply has been often evaluated, less is known about the drivers that motivate users to pay for obtaining the inherent benefits of improved water supply. In this article, the determinants of the marginal willingness to pay (mWTP) for improved domestic and irrigation water are investigated. For this purpose, a contingent valuation study is performed in rural Rwanda. This study uses survey data from 316 households situated in 8 villages, in which ~20% of the households receive electricity thanks to microgrids powered by solar energy. It is found that the mWTP for improved domestic water supply is influenced by the proportion of children in the household, business ownership, and satisfaction with water quantity and quality. The mWTP for irrigation is determined by respondent education, business ownership and crop area planted. This paper contributes to the literature by allowing a comparison of the determinants of the mWTP for improved domestic water supply to the determinants of the mWTP for irrigation. Another contribution is to examine the mWTP for improved water infrastructure in partially electrified villages. Identifying areas with high marginal benefits from water can guide infrastructure investment and electrification efforts while improving well-being and increasing revenues in rural areas.     

MFC处理人工湿地生物堵塞物及同步产电研究

为探究MFC（microbial fuel cells,微生物燃料电池）对人工湿地（constructed wetland,CW）堵塞物EPS（extracellular polymeric substances,胞外聚合物）组分的处理效果和产电性能,构建双室MFC,设置闭路组（closed circuit MFC,MFC-C）和开路组（open circuit MFC,MFC-O）对EPS中的主要组分〔PN（protein,蛋白质）和PS（polysaccharide,多糖）〕及人工湿地堵塞物进行处理,分析底物类型、底物浓度和外阻（R_ex）对MFC系统产电性能的影响及系统对底物的处理效果.结果表明:①MFC系统的产电性能受底物类型、底物浓度及R_ex的影响较大,底物浓度增加1.5倍（由200 mg/L增至500 mg/L）时,MFC系统最大电压（V_max）增加5.8%（PN）,最大功率密度（P_max）分别增加188.30%（PN）和124.21%（PS）;保持底物类型和底物浓度不变,R_ex增加9倍（由100 Ω增至1 000 Ω）时,MFC的V_max分别增加110.26%（PN）和92.81%（PS）,P_max分别增加109.19%（PN）和7.51%（PS）.②PN可全部被阳极微生物利用,但同时阳极微生物会分泌PS,底物浓度增加1.5倍时,出水中ρ（PS）分别增加107.85%（MFC-C）和78.55%（MFC-O）;R_ex增加9倍时,ρ（PS）分别增加415.85%（MFC-C）和294.29%（MFC-O）;底物为PN时,出水中ρ（PS）均表现为MFC-C < MFC-O,说明MFC形成的微弱电场在一定程度上可抑制PS的分泌.③人工湿地堵塞物可作为MFC的底物,随着投加量的增加（除堵塞物投加量为0.500 g/L外）,V_max（约750 mV）变化不大,但电压稳定时间随投加量的增加而略有延长;堵塞物投加量为6.667 g/L时,MFC的P_max为12.25 mW/m2,内阻（R_int）为1 112.5 Ω,MFC产电性能下降.研究显示,人工湿地堵塞物EPS可以作为MFC的阳极底物并同步实现能源回收.      

箱式变电站中的电气安全与防护

分析我国农网改造中箱式变电站发展的新趋势,针对一些变电站运行的安全问题,笔者提出以箱变的外形结构、内部构造、独立模块为主的八防功能———防火、防凝露和凝霜、防水、防高温、防低温、防潮、防腐蚀、防小动物进入以及新的防雷与接地的设计方案;阐述改进箱变安全的实施方法,并在ZXW1-35(10)系列智能型无人值守箱式变电站中应用。使用证明,对比国家电气安全标准,该箱式变电站在偏僻之处,特别是在多雷地区,箱式变电站中的一次、二次及通讯设备不会被破坏并将损坏降到最低限度,能够保证电网的正常运行,同时符合国家电气设备安全质量标准。随着新科技成果的推广和应用,箱变的安全性和电网运行的质量得到进一步提高。     

乘子法在求解拥挤交通问题中的应用

笔者讨论了具有能力约束 ,带拥挤排队现象的城市交通配流问题 ,包括静态的UE配流模型和动态的用户最优配流模型 ,并建立了相应的数学规划模型来进行描述 ,说明了模型的解与用户平衡条件之间的等价性 ,在给出了乘子法的理论依据的基础上 ,分别设计了基于乘子法的求解带有路段能力限制的静态UE和动态用户最优模型的算法 ,并给出了算法的具体步骤。     

黄姜废水微生物燃料电池产电去污性能研究

以H型反应器研究了微生物燃料电池(MFC)利用黄姜废水产电的效果,并结合产电周期中阳极液氧化峰电位、COD、pH值等物化指标及进出水IR、GC-MS谱图变化讨论了MFC对黄姜废水污染物的去除特性.黄姜废水MFC内阻约480 Ω,最大功率密度可达1 18.1 mW/m2,外接1 000 Ω电阻时,5 mL黄姜废水所含有机...     

固相微萃取技术测定水中的吡啶与静态顶空方法的比较

用固相微萃取技术(SPME)及静态顶空(SHS)分别与气相色谱联用来分析水中的吡啶。通过试验确定了固相微萃取的分析参数:纤维萃取头、吸附时间、解吸时间、无机盐浓度,并与静态顶空方法作了比较。以同一浓度的标准溶液来分析两种方法的检出限、线性及重复性。结果表明,两种方法都具有很好的重复性和线性,固相微萃取的RSD在0.9%～3.1%之间,静态顶空的RSD在0.7%～3.6%之间。两种发方法的标准曲线相关系数也都在0.999以上。但是固相微萃取技术的检出限比静态顶空法低很多。固相微萃取方法测定水中吡啶的检出限是0.001mg/L,而静态顶空法的检出限只有0.03 mg/L。因此,测定水中的吡啶,使用固相微萃取技术优于静态顶空法。     

1株产电假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)RE7的分离及特性研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极微生物的种类和作用机制对MFC的产电性能有着重要的影响.从已稳定运行1a的MFC的阳极室分离得到1株电化学活性革兰氏阴性细菌——菌株RE7,其16SrRNA基因序列与Pseudomonas aeruginosastrain CMG587有99%同源性,属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).利用菌株RE7构建的MFC的稳定产电和循环伏安曲线测定结果都表明,菌株RE7具有较强的电化学活性,利用菌株RE7构建的MFC的最大输出电压为352mV,相应的最大面积功率密度为69.2mW/m2,体积最大功率密度为6.2W/m3.由不同稀释比例的MFC排出液的产电效果比较可知,菌株RE7极有可能是通过自身分泌的氧化还原类物质进行电子传递.     

生物质发电的效益分析

介绍了我国生物质资源利用现状及存在的主要问题,以某电厂利用生物质发电为例,从原燃料的用量、污染物排放情况及环境经济效益等方面进行分析,说明利用生物质发电是节能减排的重要途径。     

雷静电作用下储气库安全危害分析

为保障能源储备安全,探究雷电和静电对储气库安全的影响。根据雷电和静电理论,构建储气库雷静电概率模型,分析雷静电对储气库的影响。考虑天然气扩散的特殊性,选取高斯烟羽模型预测气体扩散范围,并结合闪火后果准则对闪火危害范围进行分析,构建CCPS-BST模型对爆炸危害范围预测,分析风速及大气稳定度对三种危害后果的影响。结果表明,雷静电会增加储气库泄漏后发生闪火和爆炸的概率,气体扩散范围和闪火后果沿主导风向呈梭形分布,蒸气云爆炸后果由中心向四周扩散,三种危害范围都与风速和大气稳定度呈相反的变化。研究结果可为多因素下储气库安全分析研究提供参考,为降低灾害后果和维护储气库的日常安全提供了理论依据。