顶空气相色谱分析原理与技术

系统讨论了静态顶空气相色谱的原理,包括多次相平衡法、改变相比法和标准加入定量法。测定了挥发性有机物在气液两相间的分配常数及其在水中的含量。提出了通过测定分配常数作为分析准确度的判据。研究了温度、相比、分配常数和无机盐对顶空分析灵敏度的影响。采用顶空色谱测定了河流底泥中的可酸挥发硫化物。     

What need to be known about the therapy with static magnetic fields

During the last three decades the interest toward clinical application of magnetic and electromagnetic stimulation increased worldwide. Numerous publications have discussed the possibility of exogenous magnetic fields to initiate beneficial effects on various biological processes, which are of critical importance for healing of different injuries and pathologies. Today, magnetic and electromagnetic fields are increasingly utilized for the treatment of numerous musculoskeletal injuries and pathologies. For example, selected magnetic fields were reported to be beneficial in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries and post-surgical, post traumatic and chronic wounds, reduction of edema, in the acceleration of pain and stress relief, and thus contribute to healing processes. The application of this modality could be facilitated by establishing the exact dosimetry of application and by searching for biophysical mechanisms of action, as well. It should be remembered that “not all magnets are equal”, therefore the specific medical problem requires a proper diagnostics, a selection of the magnetic field to be applied and a design of the appropriate protocol for treatment. The paper advised that every study and report should carefully explain both the medical problem and the parameters of the applied magnetic field and cautions against generalized statements like “Magnetic field does/does not cause biological response”.     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

中心切割顶空气相色谱法测定复杂有机废水中的苯系物

建立了中心切割顶空气相色谱法测定复杂有机废水中苯系物的方法。该方法采用DB-1701色谱柱对样品进行初级分离,当目标组份出峰流出时切换至HP-INNOWAX柱进一步分离,避免了大量复杂基质对苯系物分析的干扰。该方法具有较好的准确度和精密度,苯系物的检测限可达到0.000 3~0.000 4 mg/L,采用外标法定量时,分析标准曲线的相关系数在0.999 8~0.999 9之间,苯系物回收率为86.8%~89.7%。     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物

建立顶空气相色谱法分析水中16种硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。在研究过程中讨论了盐、顶空平衡温度和平衡时间等因素对测定结果的影响。结果表明,无机盐的加入可以提高硝基氯苯类化合物的响应值,顶空平衡温度80℃和平衡时间50 min为最优的实验分析条件。在此条件下,目标物各组分回归方程的线性相关性较好。方法的检出限为0.05~0.09μg/L,加标回收率为70.6%~119%,相对标准偏差不超过7.9%。该方法简单、快捷、无污染、省时省力,具有较好的推广性。     

An experimental study for H2S and CO2 removal via caustic scrubbing system

In this study, removal of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from simulated syngas has been studied on one column scrubbing system. Gas flow rate as a measure of gas residence time and superficial gas velocity, gas composition, inlet H₂S load, flow modes (countercurrent and cocurrent) and packing geometry were the parameters in the design and/or operation of an acid gas scrubber system. Better H₂S scrubbing efficiencies have been obtained in countercurrent flow mode than that of cocurrent flow mode. When accordingly designed, static mixer with its superior performance on H₂S removal overweighed to structured packings. The coexistence of CO₂ and H₂S has been shown to increase the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) consumption along the scrubber column thereby decreasing the H₂S removal efficiency at higher H₂S loads. The gas residence time as changing with the gas velocity was found to be more dominant on acid gas removal efficiency than the effect of superficial gas velocity within the experimented range. A gas residence times of equal or above 3 s were seemed to be closer to the optimum point.     

顶空被动加标系统的多介质动力学模型

使用多介质模型建模方法,构建了针对疏水性液体物质的顶空被动加标系统的动力学模型,以浮萍生长抑制试验系统和鱼类胚胎毒性试验系统为例,得出了3种不同性质的疏水性液体物质正壬烷、十甲基环五硅氧烷（D5）和邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）在顶空被动加标系统中的浓度变化,并使用实测浓度对模型进行验证.结果表明,正壬烷和D5在两类系统中平衡24h后,水中浓度便已达到完全平衡时浓度的80%以上,而DEHP的平衡时间很长,不适合使用顶空被动加标系统开展试验,原因是DEHP的挥发性极低.实测浓度和模型预测结果偏差较小.敏感性分析表明,试验系统参数中容器直径对待测物质在水中浓度影响较大,因此可通过调整容器直径来缩短平衡时间,或提高平衡后化学物质在水中的浓度.使用所构建的模型可确定试验系统平衡时间、水中待测物质浓度和待测物质添加体积是否满足试验需求,并可通过敏感性分析来优化试验系统参数,提升试验效率和质量.以上结果完善了顶空被动加标系统应用的理论基础.     

Optimization of Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Procedure for Trace Analysis of Toluene

This study describes optimization of headspace solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector for toluene at trace level in spiked urine. The parameters affecting the extraction and gas chromatographic determination of analytes were studied: extraction time and temperature; desorption time and temperature; addition of NaCl; and pH, volume and agitation of the sample. Optimized headspace extraction was carried out at 30 °C for 6 min in the presence of 0.2 g-m^-1of NaCl in the sample solution. Also, sample volume and sample pH were optimized at 5 ml and 7 (neutral pH), respectively. Desorption of the analytes was carried out at 250 °C for 60 s. The optimized procedure was validated with 3 different pools of spiked urine; it showed good reproducibility over 6 consecutive days and 6 within-day experiments. The study also determined the accuracy, linearity and detection limits of this method.     

农药废水生物处理可行性技术研究

采用静态及动态小试实验研究，得到农药厂废水处理的最佳工艺流程及运行控制条件，从而为实际工程设计及运行提供的可靠的依据。     

浅谈静电及其防护

静电危害的严重性和防范的必要性，日益受到人们的注意和重视。本文从静电的产生，静电危害、静电防护等几方面探讨有关静电和静电防护、检测的一些问题。