Strategic Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programs: A Methodology for Estimating Effects on Biodiversity

We developed a methodology for biodiversity evaluations within the process of Strategic Environmental Assessment and we applied it to the estimation of the effect of two Regional Plans of Development on all bird species inhabiting the Castilla y León region (northwestern Spain). The methodology is based on the evaluation of the effects of main development actions on the habitat requirements of species. From these evaluations, and from data on the current distribution and population size (number of individuals) of each species, we estimated the most likely pattern of distribution and population size after the full implementation of the plans for each species. The impacts of the plans were quantified as the differences between the pre- and postproject patterns after codifying them to compensate for differences in the quality of the information available among species. Overall, we conclude that the proposed methodology fulfills the requirements for its use within the SEA process as it allows for the assessment of cumulative impacts on every species, highlighting the development directions and the habitat types with major impacts, and ascertaining whether impacts affect species with either low or high conservation and/or economic value. Generalization of the proposed methodology to other regions or species will require wildlife-habitat models adequate for SEA analyses, so that we also propose guidelines for the development and validation of these models.     

Strategic implications of counter-geoengineering: Clash or cooperation?

Solar geoengineering has received increasing attention as an option to temporarily stabilize global temperatures. A key concern is that heterogeneous preferences over the optimal amount of cooling combined with low deployment costs may allow the country with the strongest incentive for cooling, the so-called free-driver, to impose a substantial externality on the rest of the world. We analyze whether the threat of counter-geoengineering technologies capable of negating the climatic effects of solar geoengineering can overcome the free-driver problem and tilt the game in favour of international cooperation. Our game-theoretical model of countries with asymmetric preferences allows for a rigorous analysis of the strategic interaction surrounding solar geoengineering and counter-geoengineering. We find that counter-geoengineering prevents the free-driver outcome, but not always with benign effects. The presence of counter-geoengineering leads to either a climate clash where countries engage in a non-cooperative escalation of opposing climate interventions (negative welfare effect), a moratorium treaty where countries commit to abstain from either type of climate intervention (indeterminate welfare effect), or cooperative deployment of solar geoengineering (positive welfare effect). We show that the outcome depends crucially on the degree of asymmetry in temperature preferences between countries.     

战略环境评价的实践进展和问题讨论

首先考察了战略环境评价（SEA）的起源及概念发展，述平了国内外SEA的最新实践进展，并从实践经验角度讨论了影响SEA进一步发展的评价方法、管理模式及评价内容等重要问题。提出了我国目前如何开展SEA研究的工作建议。     

中国区域环境影响评价的发展

我国区域环境影响评价的发展，根据其理论方法研究和环境评价管理的进程，可分为提出、探索和开展３个阶段，并具有理论方法研究和环境评价管理建设密切配合，着重于规划控制技术和顺应发展中国家经济发展对环境管理的需要等发展特点。     

对我国环保产业发展的战略思考

科技先行是可持续发展战略对环保产业发展的内在要求。通过对环保产业和可持续发展关系以及我国环保产业发展面临机遇和挑战的论述，指出当前发展环保产业应采取高起点的“绿色高科技战略”，并提出了对策和建议。     

战略环境影响评价中的公众参与

就战略环境影响评价中公众参与的意义及优缺点进行探讨，并给出改进公众参与的建议。     

战略环境评价的发展研究

项目环境影响评价的局限性和实现可持续发展战略的要求是战略环境评价（ＳＥＡ）产生并日益受到重视的２个根本原因，文章概述了ＳＥＡ定义产生的背景，并结合了ＳＥＡ目前开展的实际情况，对一些现存ＳＥＡ体系进行了系统的介绍，主要是ＳＥＡ体系在美国（特别是加利福尼亚州）荷兰的开展情况。     

浅议环境与经济可持续发展

介绍了可持续发展的概念、特征，论述了环境与经济发展的关系以及我国可持续发展的战略选择。     

战略环境评价研究与实践进展

回顾了战略环境评价的起源，发展历程，尤其是９０年代以来的实践与研究成果；分析了当前研究趋势并提出了今后我国战略环境评价工作的重点，包括加强研究，建立保证体系和进行试点等。     

中原经济区发展的主要资源环境约束及破解对策

本文以中原经济区发展战略环评项目为基础,系统的分析了中原经济区发展面临的战略性资源瓶颈突出、结构性污染等资源环境约束及对粮食生产安全、人居环境安全及流域水安全等三大安全构成威胁,提出优化经济发展的调控策略以及破解资源环境约束的相关对策。