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111.
Strategic 3-hydroxy-2-butanone release in the dominant male lobster cockroach, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nauphoeta cinerea</Emphasis> 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
In the lobster cockroach Nauphoete cinerea, the dominant–subordinate hierarchy formed via the agonistic interactions is unstable, and changes in rank order are common.
Our previous results showed that in the first encounter fight during initial rank formation, microgram levels of 3H-2B are
released by the aggressive posture (AP)-adopting dominant male. In the present study, the pattern of daily pheromone (3H-2B)
release during the domination period and on the day of rank switch, rank duration, and rank switch frequency were investigated
in three-male groups and six-male groups to examine the effect of higher frequency of agonistic encounters. The results showed
that, in the three-male groups (50-day observation period), daily 3H-2B release rate was not constant, but fluctuated, the
average duration of dominant rank was 16.6 ± 2.0 days, rank switch occurred in 58.8% of groups, and the frequency of rank
switching (average number of rank switches/group/50 days) was 1.4 ± 0.2. For the six-male groups (30-day observation period),
the daily 3H-2B release rate also fluctuated, but the duration of dominant rank was significantly shorter at 4.2 ± 0.6 days,
rank switch occurred in 100% of groups, and the frequency of rank switching (average number of rank switches/group/30 days)
was significantly higher at 6.9 ± 0.6. The results for both sets of male groups showed that as a new rank formed (either on
the first encounter day or on the day of rank switching), the dominant status was significantly associated with a higher 3H-2B
release rate. In the animal kingdom, fighting usually involves communication or the exchange of signals, and the results of
this study indicated that the fluctuating daily 3H-2B release rate adopted by the dominants is a kind of strategic release
and the 3H-2B release rate is a signal used to determine dominance. 相似文献
112.
Thomas B. Fischer Sue Kidd Urmila Jha-Thakur Paola Gazzola Deborah Peel 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2009,29(6):421-428
This paper presents results of an international comparative research project, funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Academy for Sustainable Communities (ASC) on the ‘learning potential of appraisal (strategic environmental assessment — SEA) in spatial planning’. In this context, aspects of ‘single-loop’ and ‘double-loop’ learning, as well as of individual, organisational and social learning are discussed for emerging post-EC Directive German practice in the planning region (Zweckverband) of Brunswick (Braunschweig), focusing on four spatial plan SEAs from various administrative levels in the region. It is found that whilst SEA is able to lead to plan SEA specific knowledge acquisition, comprehension, application and analysis (‘single-loop learning’), it is currently resulting only occasionally in wider synthesis and evaluation (‘double-loop learning’). Furthermore, whilst there is evidence that individual and occasionally organisational learning may be enhanced through SEA, most notably in small municipalities, social learning appears to be happening only sporadically. 相似文献
113.
In the last decades the European Union exerted influence on precautionary environmental planning by the establishment of several Directives. The most relevant were the Habitat-Directive, the EIA-Directive, the SEA-Directive and the Water Framework Directive. Comparing these EU policies in the area of environmental precaution it becomes obvious that there is a lot of common ground. Thus, the conclusion seems likely that the European Union, in doing so, has intended to establish general planning concepts through introducing several methodological steps indicated by the regulations. The goal of this article is firstly to point out, which are the common planning principles, converted by methodological elements and secondly examine the consideration of these planning concepts by the implementation and application in the member states. In this context it is analysed whether the connections and divergences between the directives lead to significant differences in the implementation process. To this aim the directives are shortly introduced and significant steps of the processes regulated by them are outlined. In the second steps the national legal implementation in the Alpine states and its consequences for the practical application are discussed. The results show a heterogeneous application of the EU principles. Within the comparative view on the four directives influence and causalities between the national implementation and the practical application were identified, which can be simplified as four types. Since a coherent strategic and methodological concept for improving environmental precaution planning from part of the EU is noticeable, more unity and comparability within the implementation is desirable, particularly in areas with comparable habitats such as the alpine space. Beyond this the trade-off between the directives poses an important task for the future. 相似文献
114.
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), a newly-developed decision-making support tool, has been used in many developed and developing countries for predicting and evaluating potential environmental impact of policies, plans, and programs (PPPs), as well as for providing alternatives to avoid, mitigate, or compensate for these impacts. Unfortunately, due to the complexity and flexibility of SEA, to date there has been no consensus on a system which could be suitable for the contexts of different regions or countries. Different requirements and practices are observed in the different typical stages of SEA. Controversial areas include the appropriate indicators to apply in the early baseline setting stage, suitable methodologies for the impact assessment, and appropriate procedures for the SEA process. Given this, it is important to review and refine the SEA system specific to the context but informed by internationally agreed norms. As an illustration, this study reviews and proposes steps to refine the SEA system in Shandong Province, an economically powerful province of China, aiming to achieve sustainable development. Supported by the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People's Republic of China, Shandong Province employed SEA to reform the traditionally economy-oriented decision-making and incorporate consideration of environmental consequences into government deliberation on proposed PPPs. This paper illustrates the developmental process, procedures, and legal support for SEA in Shandong Province. By analyzing five SEA cases carried out by Shandong Province Environment Protection Bureau (SEPB) and Shandong University, problems in the SEA system were identified, and recommendations were made for improving the SEA system not only in Shandong Province but also other similar regions or countries. 相似文献
115.
Developing countries struggle to provide adequate urban water services, failing to match infrastructure with urban expansion. Despite requiring an improved understanding of alternative infrastructure performance when considering future investments, integrated modeling of urban water systems is infrequent in developing contexts. This paper presents an integrated modeling methodology that can assist strategic planning processes, using Port Vila, Vanuatu, as a case study. 49 future model scenarios designed for the year 2050, developed through extensive stakeholder participation, were modeled with UVQ (Urban Volume and Quality). The results were contrasted with a 2015 model based on current infrastructure, climate, and water demand patterns. Analysis demonstrated that alternative water servicing approaches can reduce Port Vila’s water demand by 35 %, stormwater generation by 38 %, and nutrient release by 80 % in comparison to providing no infrastructural development. This paper demonstrates that traditional centralized infrastructure will not solve the wastewater and stormwater challenges facing rapidly growing urban cities in developing countries. 相似文献
116.
This article presents a methodological framework for strategic environmental assessment (SEA) application. The overall objective
is to demonstrate SEA as a systematic and structured policy, plan, and program (PPP) decision support tool. In order to accomplish
this objective, a stakeholder-based SEA application to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policy options in Canadian agriculture
is presented. Using a mail-out impact assessment exercise, agricultural producers and nonproducers from across the Canadian
prairie region were asked to evaluate five competing GHG mitigation options against 13 valued environmental components (VECs).
Data were analyzed using multi-criteria and exploratory analytical techniques. The results suggest considerable variation
in perceived impacts and GHG mitigation policy preferences, suggesting that a blanket policy approach to GHG mitigation will
create gainers and losers based on soil type and associate cropping and on-farm management practices. It is possible to identify
a series of regional greenhouse gas mitigation programs that are robust, socially meaningful, and operationally relevant to
both agricultural producers and policy decision makers. The assessment demonstrates the ability of SEA to address, in an operational
sense, environmental problems that are characterized by conflicting interests and competing objectives and alternatives. A
structured and systematic SEA methodology provides the necessary decision support framework for the consideration of impacts,
and allows for PPPs to be assessed based on a much broader set of properties, objectives, criteria, and constraints whereas
maintaining rigor and accountability in the assessment process. 相似文献
117.
以浑南新区规划的战略环境评价研究为例 ,对区域规划战略环境评价的评价程序及技术方法进行介绍。 相似文献
118.
Marleen P.M. Bekker Kim Putters Tom E.D. van der Grinten 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2005,25(7-8):758
Practitioners and academic researchers increasingly look to evaluation of health impact assessment (HIA) to improve its practice, its efficiency and its legitimacy. Evaluation is also used to account to policy-makers, who express doubts that the benefits of HIA justify its costs. Until recently evaluation of HIA focused on instrument design and procedures but now the focus needs to shift to analysis of the interaction of HIA and decision-making. Multiple case studies have been applied to identify the conditions in which HIA produces the desired benefits. These studies used analytical concepts derived from the literature on evaluation, knowledge utilization, science of sociology and knowledge management.This paper describes a case study in which the strategic motives of the decision-makers affected the impact of an HIA. This HIA comprised of a quantitative environmental model ‘City & Environment’ that was used to assess environmental health impacts of an urban reconstruction plan in a Dutch city. The evaluation of the HIA shows that the decision to follow the recommendations of the HIA was part of a damage control strategy. The more HIA goals deviate from the policy problem and the less HIA is embedded in institutional procedures, then the more HIA impact will be subject to strategic decision-making behaviour. Appropriate cognitive and social strategies are needed to avoid ‘negative learning’ in those the HIA seeks to influence. 相似文献
119.
120.
Zhaoyang LIU Xianqiang MAO Wei TANG Tao HU Peng SONG 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2012,6(6):849-859
Recently, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea) are conducting a government-commissioned feasibility study on the Free Trade Agreement among the three countries (CJKFTA) to form a regional free trade zone in East Asia. Considering that freer trade can cause unexpected impact on domestic environment, there is a need to evaluate the environmental impact of such a trade policy. This move should be made to help negotiators understand and pay more attention to environmental issues during CJKFTA negotiations, and to help lobby with the government to carry out appropriate policy instruments for adaptation or mitigation. Following the Chain Reaction Assessment Method that integrates and links the elements of trade, production, and environment, the present research aims to quantitatively assess CJKFTA’s possible impact on China’s environment. This is done by estimating the variations of China’s major conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in two policy scenarios to represent CJKFTA’s scale and composition effects on China’s environment. Estimating the variations is based on a static Computable General Equilibrium model, working with Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 7 database and China’s energy-environment statistics. Based on these assessments, CJKFTA is predicted to lead to notable environmental impact, including increased emissions of agricultural total nitrogen, agricultural total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and GHGs. On the other hand, decreased emissions of industrial SO2 and dust are also expected to happen. Suitable policies need to be made to combat negative effects and amplify positive ones, while aiming at a more sustainable regional freer trade system. 相似文献