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351.
Although mate guarding as prevention of extra-pair copulation is common among birds, evidence for aggressive behaviour involving
physical contact related to mate guarding in passerines is scarce and cases of the presence of one partner directly influencing
the aggressiveness of the other are lacking. We investigated the intra-specific territorial behaviour of male meadow pipits
(Anthus pratensis; Passeriformes: Motacillidae) at the beginning of the breeding season by placing a pipit model accompanied by an intra-specific
song playback in the territory of socially paired males and compared the responses of males whose mates were physically present
during trials with those whose females were out of sight. The level of aggression of males was significantly higher in the
presence of the female; half of the males in this group physically attacked the model (the most intense and risky aggressive
behaviour). Physical attacks did not occur among males whose female was absent during the trial; response to the playback
by most of these males was only weak. This pattern may be related to the prevention of extra-pair copulation; if the risks
involved in the conflict are outweighed by potential loss of paternity, such aggressive mate guarding may pay off. The apparently
overlooked effect on the territorial behaviour of a partner’s passive physical presence during conflict should be further
evaluated because it may be important for the design and interpretation of results of behavioural experiments. 相似文献
352.
Strategic 3-hydroxy-2-butanone release in the dominant male lobster cockroach, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nauphoeta cinerea</Emphasis> 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
In the lobster cockroach Nauphoete cinerea, the dominant–subordinate hierarchy formed via the agonistic interactions is unstable, and changes in rank order are common.
Our previous results showed that in the first encounter fight during initial rank formation, microgram levels of 3H-2B are
released by the aggressive posture (AP)-adopting dominant male. In the present study, the pattern of daily pheromone (3H-2B)
release during the domination period and on the day of rank switch, rank duration, and rank switch frequency were investigated
in three-male groups and six-male groups to examine the effect of higher frequency of agonistic encounters. The results showed
that, in the three-male groups (50-day observation period), daily 3H-2B release rate was not constant, but fluctuated, the
average duration of dominant rank was 16.6 ± 2.0 days, rank switch occurred in 58.8% of groups, and the frequency of rank
switching (average number of rank switches/group/50 days) was 1.4 ± 0.2. For the six-male groups (30-day observation period),
the daily 3H-2B release rate also fluctuated, but the duration of dominant rank was significantly shorter at 4.2 ± 0.6 days,
rank switch occurred in 100% of groups, and the frequency of rank switching (average number of rank switches/group/30 days)
was significantly higher at 6.9 ± 0.6. The results for both sets of male groups showed that as a new rank formed (either on
the first encounter day or on the day of rank switching), the dominant status was significantly associated with a higher 3H-2B
release rate. In the animal kingdom, fighting usually involves communication or the exchange of signals, and the results of
this study indicated that the fluctuating daily 3H-2B release rate adopted by the dominants is a kind of strategic release
and the 3H-2B release rate is a signal used to determine dominance. 相似文献
353.
Pollen foraging: learning a complex motor skill by bumblebees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus terrestris</Emphasis>) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
To investigate how bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) learn the complex motor skills involved in pollen foraging, we observed naïve workers foraging on arrays of nectarless poppy flowers (Papaver rhoeas) in a greenhouse. Foraging skills were quantified by measuring the pollen load collected during each foraging bout and relating this to the number of flowers visited and bout duration on two consecutive days. The pollen standing crop (PSC) in each flower decreased drastically from 0530 to 0900 hours. Therefore, we related foraging performance to the changing levels of pollen available (per flower) and found that collection rate increased over the course of four consecutive foraging bouts (comprising between 277 and 354 individual flower visits), suggesting that learning to forage for pollen represents a substantial time investment for individual foragers. The pollen collection rate and size of pollen loads collected at the start of day 2 were markedly lower than at the end of day 1, suggesting that components of pollen foraging behaviour could be subject to imperfect overnight retention. Our results suggest that learning the necessary motor skills to collect pollen effectively from morphologically simple flowers takes three times as many visits as learning how to handle the most morphologically complex flowers to extract nectar, potentially explaining why bees are more specialised in their choice of pollen flowers. 相似文献
354.
355.
Reproductive trade-offs from mating with a successful male: the case of the tephritid fly Anastrepha obliqua 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Diana Perez-Staples Martín Aluja Rogelio Macías-Ordóñez John Sivinski 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1333-1340
In lekking species, females may become sperm-limited when mating with sexually successful males, and this may be exacerbated
by a poor male diet. Polygynous males may also be limited by the amount of accessory gland products (AGPs) they can transmit
to females, which in turn may influence the females’ refractory period and longevity. Here, we tested the effect of male mating
history, larval and adult diet on copula duration, mating intervals, female fecundity, fertilisation success, life span and
likelihood to remate using sexually successful males of the lekking tephritid fly Anastrepha obliqua. Flies originated from either a native or exotic host fruit and were protein-fed or deprived. Male diet and larval host influenced
copula duration, while the time elapsed between matings was affected by the interaction of mating order and male adult diet.
Female fecundity was not influenced by female position in mating order or protein inclusion into the male diet. However, mating
order and male larval diet influenced female fertilisation success. Importantly, as males mated successively they were less
able to induce a refractory period on females, as the last females to mate with a male were more likely to remate and had
slightly longer life spans than the first females to mate with males. These results might be attributed to a decrease in male
AGPs with increasing male mating frequency. We discuss the role of conditional expression of male mating frequency with respect
to A. obliqua’s life history, the trade-off that females face when mating with a successful male, the effect of larval diet on adult sexual
performance and the possibility for sexual conflict to occur due to high male mating rates and fitness costs to females. 相似文献
356.
Indrikis Krams Tatjana Krama Kristine Igaune Raivo Mänd 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(4):599-605
Although human behaviour abounds with reciprocal altruism, few examples exist documenting reciprocal altruism in animals.
Recent non-experimental evidence suggests that reciprocal altruism may be more common in nature than previously documented.
Here we present experimental evidence of mobbing behaviour, the joint assault on a predator in an attempt to drive it away,
as reciprocal altruism in the breeding pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). Given a choice, pied flycatchers assisted in mobbing initiated by co-operating neighbours and did not join in mobbing when
initiated by conspecific neighbours which had defected from necessary assistance 1 h before. The results suggest the birds
followed a ‘tit-for-tat’-like strategy and that mobbing behaviour of breeding birds may be explained in terms of reciprocal
altruism. 相似文献
357.
Emma L. Taylor Dominique Blache David Groth John D. Wetherall Graeme B. Martin 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,47(5):359-364
Parentage in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) was examined by microsatellite analysis using four independent loci. Of 106 chicks sampled in one breeding season from 18
nests, 54 (51%) were not fathered by the nesting male, 12 (11%) were not from the observed mate of the sitting male, and 9
(8%) represented intra-specific brood parasitism, having no alleles in common with either nest parent. Some males (11%) fathered
all chicks in their nests, but the majority showed high levels of cuckoldry. Those males commencing incubation earliest in
the season tended to have the highest levels of paternity in their own nests. These results reveal a high frequency of extra-pair
fertilisations and resultant cuckoldry in a predominantly socially monogamous bird and support recent reports which have described
the emu mating system as a complexity of polyandrous, promiscuous and monogamous behaviour. Parentage assignment of chicks
resulting from extra-pair fertilisations revealed an evenly scattered pattern of paternity that did not show any particular
male dominance in reproductive success. These results lead to a reassessment of behavioural observations of emus, the consequences
of parentage distribution, and theories about mating systems and sexual selection. The frequency of extra-pair copulations
and intra-specific brood parasitism suggests patterns of descent that differ greatly from those implied by social monogamy.
Received: 27 November 1999 / Received in revised form: 8 January 2000 / Accepted: 8 February 2000 相似文献
358.
The effects of social desirability on self-reported environmental attitudes and ecological behaviour
Taciano L. Milfont 《The Environmentalist》2009,29(3):263-269
There are several claims in the literature that social desirability concerns affect people’s response to self-reported measures
of environmental attitudes and ecological behaviour. However, only a few empirical studies have indirectly evaluated the impact of social desirability on environmental issues measures, and those who did have found only a low impact.
This article describes two studies that explicitly address whether socially desirable responding has direct and moderating effects on self-reported environmental attitudes
and ecological behaviour. Results from correlational and moderated multiple regression analyses from both studies showed that
social desirability had only a weak direct effect on environmental attitudes (but not ecological behaviour), and had no moderating
effect on the environmental attitudes–ecological behaviour relationship. Implications of these findings for research on environmental
issues are discussed.
相似文献
Taciano L. MilfontEmail: |
359.
Environmental quality strongly depends on human behaviour patterns. We review the contribution and the potential of environmental psychology for understanding and promoting pro-environmental behaviour. A general framework is proposed, comprising: (1) identification of the behaviour to be changed, (2) examination of the main factors underlying this behaviour, (3) design and application of interventions to change behaviour to reduce environmental impact, and (4) evaluation of the effects of interventions. We discuss how environmental psychologists empirically studied these four topics, identify apparent shortcomings so far, and indicate major issues for future research. 相似文献
360.
The environmental psychology of research 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0