广东土地抗蚀潜势初步研究

利用计算机和地理信息系统软件．研究了广东省的土壤质地、土壤有机质、地势三个侵蚀因子对土壤侵蚀方面的影响，指出了广东土地抗蚀性极弱地区主要是湛江市、新丰县的小部分地区，而抗蚀性弱的区域则很大，约占全省土地面积的49．8％，遍布全省中部和南部．针对这样的现状，提出要减少抗蚀性弱和极弱地区的土壤侵蚀，必须做到：对土地的利用开垦进行统一规划；严禁乱伐森林；采取生物措施和工程措施相结合的方式防治土壤侵蚀的进一步变化．     

长江中游不同潜育化土壤诊断指标探讨

田间原位测定，室内分析和模拟试验的结果表明，长江中游垸田土壤潜育化过程中发生一系列物质变化，其中以活性还原物质量，Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３溶液提取的亚铁量和氧化还原电位三者变化最为显著。活性还原物质量和亚铁量与潜育化作用强度正相关，而氧化还原电位则呈负相关。     

Removal of arsenic in tailings by soil flushing and the remediation process monitoring

In order to investigate the optimum conditions for the application of soil flushing of arsenic, a batch test was carried out using EDTA at various concentration and pH levels. Based on the optimum condition derived from the batch test, a column test was conducted to examine the feasibility of the soil-flushing technology under field-equivalent conditions. In this column test, a low flushing solution flow rate showed a significantly higher As removal efficiency (71.6%) than a high flow rate (56.3%). TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) and a seed germination test were carried out to monitor the toxicity both during and after the treatment. The finally treated tailings were shown to be significantly remediated, having a reduced toxicity by both the TCLP and seed germination tests.     

低山丘陵区水土保持治理与生态环境效应

分析了低山丘陵区水土流失等级分布，水土流失的形成原因及危害，指出低山丘陵区水土流失综合治理要以小流域综合治理为主，阐明小流域水土流失的规律性，以及根据小流域3个地貌单元类型按“三条带”模式进行综合治理：山顶林草防治、山腰经济林带整治、山脚坡改梯治理的技术措施，着重论述综合治理的生态环境效应：明显地保水保土保肥，在降雨量相同的情况下等高种植、坡改梯、封山育林雨强明显小于坡耕地，起始产流时间延迟，径流量减少近2/3，土壤侵蚀量明显比坡耕地少得多。土壤侵蚀携带养分，坡耕地损失量最大，等高种植全氮、全磷的损失量最小；坡改梯有机质、有效氮、速效钾流失量较少，说明坡改梯的保肥效果优于等高种植。林草植被对改善生态系统的环境效应和提高生物多样性功能，为低山丘陵区生态环境恢复和农业可持发展奠定基础。     

论水稻土肥力进化与土壤质量——以太湖地区为例

太湖地区是我国古老农业区之一。在六七千年之前先民已开始种植水稻 ,随着耕作培肥措施不断加强 ,与土壤肥力进化同步伴随着耕作轮作制的不断演进 ,由轮荒———沤田———水旱轮作———三熟制的变化 ,土壤基础肥力稳步提高 ,稻麦单位面积产量逐年上升。该区水稻土历经数千年的耕肥与平田整地等人为活动 ,在起源土壤背景上发育成五类水稻土 ,这五类水稻土经过培肥改良均达到水旱轮作高产稳产阶段 ,尽管地力上还存在不同程度的差异 ,这不能不说是人为定向培育的成果。在一般情况下 ,土壤质量是由土壤肥力决定的 ,基础肥力高低是农业生产优质高产低耗的关键 ,在评价土壤质量时必需首先予以关注。当然 ,随着工业的发展 ,土壤污染所波及的农产品超标问题 ,也应在评价土壤质量时予以关注 ,并作为评价因素在综合评价体系中占有应有的份量     

Characteristics of microorganisms isolated from technogenic soils of the Kama region

Microorganisms capable of degrading monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several chlorinated aromatic compounds were isolated from soils polluted with industrial waste from chemical plants. They were identified as representatives of the genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Rhodococcus, Microbacterium, Cellulomonas, Arthrobacter, and Brevibacterium. Among them, bacteria capable of utilizing xenobiotics in a wide range of ambient temperatures and pH and in the presence of high sodium chloride concentrations were revealed.     

Effect of sulphadimethoxine contamination on barley (Hordeum distichum L., Poaceae, Liliposida)

Animal wastes from intensive farming are generally collected for field fertilisation. They may contain drugs that can become soil pollutants. To evaluate the possible effects of such contamination in terrestrial systems, sulphadimethoxine has been subjected to laboratory tests (in vitro, synthetic medium, and soil) using seeds of barley (Hordeum distichum L.). The drug suppressed normal post-germinative development and growth of roots and leaves in both test conditions; this effect was dependent on the bioaccumulation rate, which was higher on synthetic medium than in soil. Bioaccumulation was higher in roots than foliage and this was markedly evident in soil and, in particular, in soils with a low humus content. The environmental risk of sludge application on soils and the possible contamination of food chains are discussed.     

Strategies for determining soil-loss tolerance

Excessive soil losses due to erosion or lateral displacement by machinery impair productivity. Some soil loss is tolerable, but not so much that plant productivity diminishes. Thus productivity is the dominant concern in determining soil-loss tolerance. The effects of soil loss on productivity, however, are difficult to determine. Therefore, two alternatives are discussed for determining the limits of soil loss, or soil-loss tolerance. These alternatives are the maintenance of soil organic matter and, for shallow and moderately deep soils, the maintenance of soil depth. They are not new strategies, but our rapidly increasing knowledge of the dynamics of soil organic matter and the rates of soil formation from bedrock or consolidated sediments warrants the reconsideration of these alternatives. Reductions in either soil organic matter or the depth of shallow or moderately deep soils will lead to declining productivity. Soil organic matter, considered to be a surrogate for productivity, is much easier to monitor than is productivity. Also, there are many computer models for predicting the effects of management on soil organic matter. Recently compiled data on rates of soil formation suggest that soil losses of 1 t/a (2.24 Mg/ha yr) are greater than the rate of replenishment by the weathering of lithic or paralithic material in all but very wet climates.     

精伊霍铁路工程建设的土壤侵蚀评价

精伊霍铁路所经地区地处西部干旱内陆，生态环境恶劣、脆弱，对人类扰动极其敏感。敦煌铁路的建设必将在一定程度上加剧沿线地区的土壤侵蚀现象。利用遥感与地理信息系统技术，结合野外调查分析结果，编制了精伊霍铁路两侧30k。范围土壤侵蚀现状图。根据铁路沿线土地退化现状和工程建设活动对地表生态系统的影响分析，对施工期土壤侵蚀类型与强度的变化以及工程造成的水土流失总量进行了预测，据此分析了工程可能造成的土地退化危害，并就此提出了相应的防治措施。     

Differences in responses of herpetobionts and geobionts to impact from the Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (Tula region,Russia)

The influence of the Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (KMP; Tula region, Russia) on the abundance and biodiversity of carabid beetles and soil macrofauna and on the trophic activity of soil biota was studied. Metal concentrations in the impact plot were many times higher than those in the control plot located on the same transect. As the transect approached KMP, both the abundance of soil invertebrates (geobionts) and trophic activity of the soil biota remained unchanged, whereas the abundance and diversity of carabids (herpetobionts) decreased drastically. It is suggested that the impact of the KMP on herpetobionts is accounted for by modification of the structure of ecosystems and that herpetobiontic and geobiontic groups of the macrofauna respond differently to this impact because of differences in the ecological mechanisms of population response.