骆马湖及主要入湖河流表层水体中抗生素的赋存特征及风险评价

采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)分析了骆马湖及主要入湖河流表层水体中磺胺类(SAs)、喹诺酮类(QUs)、四环素类(TCs)、大环内酯类(MLs)和青霉素类(PLs)这5类39种抗生素的浓度水平,分析了主要入湖河流的污染贡献率,并评价了抗生素潜在的生态与健康风险.结果表明,42个...     

某市典型地段地表水及地下水中氟喹诺酮类抗生素分布特征

为初步了解某市水体中5种典型氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)的污染特征,对该市主要排污河与典型地段采集地表水与地下水,分别对水样进行常规指标测试与FQs浓度测试分析.结果表明,地表水与地下水中FQs的含量水平和组成特征差异明显.地表水中FQs总含量水平整体高于地下水;地表水中FQs浓度平均值为789.1 ng·L-1,主要以氧氟沙星(OFL)与洛美沙星(LOM)为主;地下水中FQs浓度平均值为342.7 ng·L-1,主要以诺氟沙星(NOR)与洛美沙星(LOM)为主,恩诺沙星(ENR)在地表水与地下水的含量水平均偏低.地表水体中FQs含量水平表现为沟渠支流干流.该市排污河水系傍河剖面地下水中FQs含量水平高于其他地段.傍河剖面处地下水中FQs监测浓度随着采样点与河道距离的增加呈现递减趋势,且各组分变化趋势基本一致,初步证实河水可能是河道周边地下水中FQs的主要来源.     

长期施用粪肥蔬菜基地蔬菜中典型抗生素的污染特征

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)技术,分析了珠三角地区某长期施用粪肥蔬菜基地蔬菜中16种典型抗生素的含量,并初步评价其健康风险.结果表明,绝大部分抗生素不同程度被检出,检出率为11%～100%,大多数含量<5μg·kg-1(干重),最高为23.88μg·kg-1,平均为0.91μg·kg-1,以恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、磺胺二甲基嘧啶和磺胺嘧啶为主.各蔬菜样品中至少检出1种抗生素,最多达10种.蔬菜不同器官中喹诺酮类抗生素含量为地下部>地上部.人体通过食用研究区蔬菜摄入抗生素的量低于日允许摄入量(ADI),表明其健康风险较小,但多种抗生素的联合毒性及其耐药性问题不容忽视.     

广州市蔬菜中喹诺酮类抗生素污染特征及健康风险初步研究

采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器(HPLC-FD)分析了广州市蔬菜中4种喹诺酮类抗生素的含量,并根据ADI值评估了蔬菜中喹诺酮抗生素污染对人体的健康风险.结果表明,96%的市售蔬菜样品中不同程度地检出了喹诺酮抗生素,总含量为1.0～1683.1μg/kg(鲜重),高低顺序为叶菜类蔬菜瓜果类蔬菜根茎类蔬菜;4种喹诺酮类抗生素检出率大小顺序为NORCIPLOMENR;包括无公害蔬菜、绿色蔬菜和有机蔬菜在内的安全蔬菜样品中除恩诺沙星外,环丙沙星、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星和总含量均显著高于普通蔬菜;食用蔬菜对成人和儿童喹诺酮类抗生素ADI值(以CIP+ENR计)的最高贡献率分别高达41.5%和83%.     

Simultaneous determination of three classes of antibiotics in the suspended solids of swine wastewater by ultrasonic extraction, solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

This work describes a systematic approach to the development of a method for simultaneous determination of three classes of veterinary antibiotics in the suspended solids (SS) of swine wastewater, including five sulfonamides, three tetracyclines and one macrolide (tiamulin). The entire procedures for sample pretreatment, ultrasonic extraction (USE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) quantification were examined and optimized. The recovery efficiencies were found to be 76%-104% for sulfonamides, 81%-112% for tetracyclines, and 51%-64% for tiamulin at three spiking levels. The intra-day and inter-day precisions, as expressed by the relative standard deviation (RSD), were below 17%. The method detection limits (MDLs) were between 0.14 and 7.14 μg/kg, depending on a specific antibiotic studied. The developed method was applied to field samples collected from three concentrated swine feeding plants located in Beijing, Shanghai and Shandong province of China. All the investigated antibiotics were detected in both SS and liquid phase of swine wastewater, with partition coefficients (logK_d) ranging from 0.49 to 2.30. This study demonstrates that the SS can not be ignored when determining the concentrations of antibiotics in swine wastewater.     

三种抗生素对几种海洋微藻叶绿素a含量影响的初步研究

实验室条件下,研究了氯霉素(chloramphenicol ,Cm)、遗传霉素 (geneticin G418)、青霉素 (penicillin)对三种常见海洋饵料微藻:小球藻 (Chlorella vulgaris Beij. ) ,金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701.) 和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium Ehr.)叶绿素a含量的影响.结果表明: (1) 低于100 mg/L的氯霉素对小球藻和金藻8701叶绿素a含量影响较小(P>0.05);氯霉素浓度大于50 mg/L时,小新月菱形藻叶绿素a含量显著降低(P<0.05) .(2) 不同浓度的G418均明显抑制三种微藻叶绿素a含量的增加.(3) 低于100 mg/L的青霉素能够促进三种藻叶绿素a的增加,相对增长率随青霉素浓度的升高而逐渐下降;三种藻对青霉素的敏感性存在差异.试验结果可为微藻无菌培养体系的建立提供参考.     

石家庄市水环境中喹诺酮类抗生素的空间分布特征与环境风险评估

随着社会经济的发展,大量含有抗生素的废水未经有效处理排放到水环境中,加剧了城市水环境中抗生素的污染.本研究以石家庄市地表水和地下水为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS)分析了石家庄水环境中喹诺酮类(Quinolones,QNs)抗生素的空间分布特征,并采用风险熵值法(RQ)评估了石家庄市水环境中QNs的生态风险和健康风险.结果表明:1在石家庄市河流和水库中,QNs抗生素的浓度分别为98.43~4398.00 ng·L^-1和9.99~49.24 ng·L^-1,恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)和依诺沙星(Enoxacin,ENO)分别是河流和水库中主要的QNs抗生素;2在石家庄市地下水中,QNs抗生素的浓度为3.45~15.41 ng·L^-1;3相关分析结果表明,在地表水中氧氟沙星(Ofloxacin,OFL)、诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin,NOR)、恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)、双氟沙星(Difloxacin,DIF)、沙氟沙星(Sarafloxacin,SAR)、恶喹酸(Oxolinic Acid,OXO)和氟甲喹(Flumequine,FLU)与温度(T)和总溶解性固体颗粒物(TDS)呈显著相关(p<0.01),而ENO与pH显著相关(p<0.01);在地下水中吡哌酸(Pipemidic Acid,PIP)和马波沙星(Marbofloxacin,MAR)与T显著相关;4地表水中QNs与地下水中QNs的相关性不显著,表明石家庄市地下水中QNs的主要来源不是地表水;5生态风险结果表明,石家庄市地表水中QNs总体处于高风险水平,而地下水QNs整体处于中低风险水平;6人体健康风险结果表明,石家庄市水环境中QNs抗生素的健康风险较低.总体来说,石家庄市水环境中QNs污染在地表水中更为严峻,而石家庄地表水中QNs浓度最高的区域为汪洋沟.     

镁改性污泥基生物炭去除水中磷和抗生素

为解决废水磷回收和污泥资源化利用问题,以污水处理厂污泥为前驱体,采用镁盐溶液浸渍和高温热解方法,制备系列镁改性污泥基生物炭(MgxBC),研究了MgxBC对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,以及在过一硫酸氢钾复合盐(PMS)氧化剂存在下对共存抗生素的催化降解性能.结果显示:氮气氛、1mol/L镁盐加入量制备的Mg1BC相比于未改性污泥基生物炭(BC),对磷的Langmuir饱和吸附容量可达63.2mg/g(为BC的近3倍);除极酸条件下(pH0<4),Mg1BC的磷去除率均大于99%;水中共存离子对Mg1BC吸附磷影响较小,Mg1BC具有较强的适用性.此外,Mg1BC可催化活化PMS,显著提高与磷共存抗生素(如四环素(TC)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMT))的降解性能,实现吸附磷和高效去除抗生素的双重目的.     

人体肠道耐药基因组的研究进展

人类肠道菌群是耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的"储存库",且与人体健康密切相关。目前,抗生素的滥用严重,进一步加剧了耐药基因的传播和扩散。细菌耐药问题严重影响人体健康、食品安全和生态安全,携带耐药基因的致病菌对临床治疗造成巨大威胁。本文结合国内外研究进展,在总结人体肠道耐药基因组研究方法的基础上,探讨了肠道耐药基因的组成、来源、传播和进化,并对未来研究进行了展望,旨在促进公众对肠道耐药基因的认知,并为抗生素的合理使用提供理论支持。     

17 β-estradiol and 17 α-ethinylestradiol mineralization in sewage sludge and biosolids

Natural steroid estrogens (e.g., 17 β-estradiol, E2), synthetic steroid estrogens (e.g., 17 α-ethinylestradiol, EE2) and pharmaceutical antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are chemicals detected in biosolids and sewage sludges because they partition into the solids fraction during the wastewater treatment process. This research utilized a three-way factorial design (six media × two estrogens × three antibiotic treatments) to quantify cumulative E2 and EE2 mineralization over 133 d (MAX) in a range of sewage sludge and biosolid samples in the presence (4 and 40 mg kg^?1) and absence of ciprofloxacin. The same three-way factorial design was utilized to quantify the impact of the six media, E2 or EE2, and ciprofloxacin on cumulative soil respiration over 133 d (RESP). Minimal ciprofloxacin mineralization was observed (<0.05% over 133 d), but despite its persistence, ciprofloxacin had no significant effect on MAX of E2 or EE2, and, in general, no significant effect on RESP. MAX ranged from 38.38% to 48.44% for E2 but from only 0.72% to 24.27% for EE2 although RESP was relatively similar, ranging from 101.00 to 866.54 mg CO₂ in the presence of E2 and from 69.55 to 893.95 mg CO₂ in the presence of EE2. The sorption-limited bioavailability of EE2, which is inherently resistant to biodegradation due to chemical structure, as MAX and Freundlich sorption coefficients (K_f) were negatively correlated. As such, the K_f values of EE2 were largest in composted biosolids in which EE2 was particularly resistant to microbial degradation as the MAX of EE2 was <3%. In contrast, the MAX of E2 showed a positive association with the K_f values of E2 because some steps in the E2 transformation process have been found to occur in the sorbed phase. The MAX of E2 was significantly greater in the biosolid and composted biosolid media than in any other media, whereas the MAX of E2 decreased in the following order: secondary sewage sludge > primary sewage sludge > biosolid = composted biosolid. This suggests that sewage sludges in municipal lagoons and pre-treatment holding lagoons are a more favorable media for mineralization of EE2, whereas biosolids in post-treatment storage lagoons are a more favorable media for the mineralization of E2. The presence of ciprofloxacin will have no impact on the potential E2 or EE2 mineralization rates in these cases.