Pollution characteristics and environmental risk assessment of typical veterinary antibiotics in livestock farms in Southeastern China

Scientific interest in pollution from antibiotics in animal husbandry has increased during recent years. However, there have been few studies on the vertical exposure characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in different exposure matrices from different livestock farms. This study explores the distribution and migration of antibiotics from feed to manure, from manure to soil, and from soil to vegetables, by investigating the exposure level of typical antibiotics in feed, manure, soil, vegetables, water, fish, and pork in livestock farms. A screening environmental risk assessment was conducted to identify the hazardous potential of veterinary antibiotics from livestock farms in southeast China. The results show that adding antibiotics to drinking water as well as the excessive use of antibiotic feed additives may become the major source of antibiotics pollution in livestock farms. Physical and chemical properties significantly affect the distribution and migration of various antibiotics from manure to soil and from soil to plant. Simple migration models can predict the accumulation of antibiotics in soil and plants. The environmental risk assessment results show that more attention should be paid to the terrestrial eco-risk of sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin, and to the aquatic eco-risk of chlorotetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. This is the first systematic analysis of the vertical pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in livestock farms in southeast China. It also identifies the ecological and human health risk of veterinary antibiotics.     

抗生素类污染物对活性污泥生物毒性测定方法的筛选与评价

尽管衡量化学物质生物毒性的标准方法很多,但关于环境中抗生素类污染物的生物毒性及其对污泥活性影响的科学数据较少。以磺胺和四环素两类作用机理和作用谱带不同的抗生素为研究对象,分别用发光细菌法、脱氢酶活性法、生长抑制法及呼吸速率法进行了抗生素类污染物生物毒性测定方法的筛选与评价。结果表明,发光细菌标准方法中30min的作用时间太短,延长作用时间不仅导致各种抗生素的EC50值大幅度降低,同时毒性排列顺序也发生了改变;以活性污泥为对象的脱氢酶活性和呼吸速率抑制实验的EC50值与抗生素类物质对敏感致病菌的MICs相比异常高,不适宜于作为单独方法准确评估抗生素类污染物的生物毒性。生长抑制实验中,活性污泥混合菌种增殖生长对磺胺类抗生素敏感,而假单胞杆菌对四环素类抗生素敏感。不同方法测定抗生素毒性的灵敏度顺序是发光细菌(24 h)>生长抑制(7 h)>呼吸速率(24 h)>脱氢酶活性(24 h)。用标准方法评价抗生素类污染物的生物毒性,可能导致对抗生素排放到水环境中所带来的风险估计不足。     

Tetracycline resistance in semi-arid agricultural soils under long-term swine effluent application

Annually, millions pounds of antibiotics are released unmetabolized into environment along with animal wastes. Accumulation of antibiotics in soils could potentially induce the persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Antibiotics such as tetracyclines and tetracycline-resistant bacteria have been previously detected in fields fertilized with animal manure. However, little is known about the accumulation of tetracyclines and the development of tetracycline resistance in semi-arid soils. Here we demonstrate that continuous land application with swine effluent, containing trace amounts of chlortetracycline, does not necessarily induce tetracycline resistance in soil bacteria. Based on the testing of more than 3,000 bacteria isolated from the amended soils, we found no significant increase in the occurrence and level of chlortetracycline resistant bacteria in soils after 15 years of continuous swine effluent fertilization. To account for a possible transfer of tetracycline-resistant bacteria originated from the swine effluent to soils, we analyzed two commonly found tetracycline resistant genes, tet(O) and tet(M), in the swine effluent and fertilized soils. Both genes were present in the swine effluent, however, they were not detectable in soils applied with swine effluent. Our data demonstrate that agronomic application of manure from antibiotic treated swine effluent does not necessarily result in the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance in soils. Apparently, concentrations of chlortetracycline present in manure are not significant enough to induce the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance.     

规模化养殖园区土壤中抗生素污染特征和生态风险评价

采集规模化养殖园区不同土地利用类型的土壤,采用高效液相色谱仪检测土壤中抗生素的含量,分析抗生素与土壤理化性质之间的关系,并利用风险商值法对养殖场园区土壤中的抗生素进行生态风险评价. 结果表明,养殖场周边土壤受到不同程度的抗生素污染,其中检出率和含量平均值最高的是四环素（TC）;不同土地利用类型的土壤中,ω平均值大小排序为：玉米地（1.48 μg·kg^-1）>养殖场围栏外0.5 m处（1.27 μg·kg^-1）>山药地（1.03 μg·kg^-1）>牧草地（0.69 μg·kg^-1）>林地（0.18 μg·kg^-1）;冗余分析结果显示,全氮、全磷和纤维素酶对土壤样品中抗生素的含量影响较大. 根据生态风险评价结果可知,土霉素（OTC）、金霉素（CTC）、强力霉素（DOC）、环丙沙星（CIP）和四环素（TC）属于低风险等级,磺胺嘧啶（SD）和磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）为中高风险,应当重视对养殖场周边土壤抗生素污染管控,加强兽用抗生素的管理.     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化处理低浓度抗生素废水

通过采用负载FeSO4活性炭、CuSO4活性炭和一般活性炭作为微波催化剂处理抗生素废水的对比实验,研究不同负载方法对抗生素制药废水COD去除的差别,结果表明,负载FeSO4的活性炭作为催化剂的微波处理系统对COD的去除率最高.以微波诱导负载FeSO4的活性炭为催化剂对抗生素制药废水进行处理,结果表明,增大负载FeSO4活性炭质量,微波辐射时间和微波功率,均有利于抗生素废水中COD的去除,但各影响因素的取值并不是越大越好.对微波诱导负载FeSO4活性炭催化工艺处理抗生素废水进行反应动力学分析,结果显示,过程近似一级反应,其动力学方程为:lnC0/C=0.1413t+5.4121,r=0.9876.反应动力学常数为0.1413 min-1.     

环渤海区域典型河流下游水体中抗生素赋存状况及风险评估

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析了环渤海区域典型河流下游水体中6类58种抗生素的赋存特征,采用生态风险模型和人类健康风险模型分别评估了抗生素对生态和人体的健康风险.结果显示:环渤海区域4大典型河流(小凌河、滦河、黄河和大辽河)下游水体中有6类50种抗生素被检出,青霉素G浓度水平最高,最高浓度为353.13ng/L.β-...     

典型四环素类抗生素对土壤微生物及植物生长的影响

四环素类抗生素(TCs)在畜禽养殖中的大量使用甚至滥用,导致其在动物粪便中高浓度残留。随着畜禽粪便有机肥的农田施用,TCs持续进入土壤并且不断累积,由此带来的土壤生态危害和健康风险值得关注。以四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)为研究对象,采用室内培养试验法,考察2种典型TCs对土壤微生物、酶活性的影响及对植物生长的毒性作用。结果表明,低浓度TC和OTC作用下,土壤细菌和真菌数量即显著降低,土壤细菌较真菌对TCs的污染更为敏感。除TC对土壤酸性磷酸酶和OTC对土壤过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为激活作用外,总体上TC、OTC作用后土壤酶活性呈低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的变化趋势。80 mg·L~(-1)的TC、OTC暴露下,绿豆芽芽伸长被显著抑制,并且随着抗生素浓度的增大,绿豆芽伸长抑制率大幅升高。相同浓度、相同暴露时间条件下的TC对绿豆芽伸长的毒性大于OTC。     

固相萃取-超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法测定海水中16种磺胺类抗生素残留

利用固相萃取前处理方法,净化和富集海水中的16种磺胺类抗生素,采用超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法进行定性和定量检测,建立了完整的海水中磺胺类抗生素的检测方法,并对质谱条件、液相条件和固相萃取条件进行了优化。实验结果表明,16种磺胺类抗生素在0.1～100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均可以达到0.996以上,方法检出限为0.3~1.1 ng/L。对水样进行高、中、低3个质量浓度的加标回收实验,回收率分别为82.3%~125.7%,73.3%~125.1%和75.2%~119.2%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~12.0%。该方法具有操作简便、重现性好、灵敏度高的优点,可用于海水中磺胺类抗生素的监测分析。     

有机肥源磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的降解规律及影响因素分析

运用室内模拟降解法,研究了有机肥源磺胺类抗生素(磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑)在光照或避光条件下、不同类型土壤中的降解能力.结果表明,5种磺胺类药物在土壤-粪便混合基质中的降解规律均呈"L"型;不同磺胺在土壤中的降解性与药物自身性质相关,江西红壤中降解半衰期长短顺序为:磺胺甲恶唑磺胺二甲嘧啶磺胺嘧啶磺胺甲嘧啶磺胺二甲氧嘧啶;土壤中有机质含量越高,磺胺类药物在土壤中降解性越强,其降解速率大小为:东北黑土≈太湖水稻土江西红壤;磺胺类药物在土壤-粪便混合基质中的降解速率显著大于单一土壤,粪便的加入对磺胺类抗生素的降解性有较大促进作用,光照作用则相对影响较小.     

重庆开州区菜地土壤抗生素污染特征及潜在生态环境风险评估

农田土壤抗生素累积及其导致的生态风险已成为国内外研究的热点.采用调查问卷和实验分析相结合的方式,研究了重庆市开州区菜地土壤中四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类和氯霉素类这5类抗生素的赋存特征,分析了抗生素含量和土壤理化指标的相关性,并评估其潜在生态环境风险.结果表明,菜地土壤存在抗生素累积,五大类共18种抗生素被检出,且以四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素为主.喹诺酮类抗生素检出率最高（15.38%~100%）,其中氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星检出率达100%;四环素类抗生素含量最高（0~42.88 μg ·kg^-1）,其中土霉素含量最高为42.88 μg ·kg^-1.菜地土壤中抗生素总量为1.64~233.11μg ·kg^-1;其中,空心菜地（89.73 μg ·kg^-1）>白菜地（32.53 μg ·kg^-1）>辣椒地（32.16 μg ·kg^-1）>西红柿地（32.13 μg ·kg^-1）>黄瓜地（26.46 μg ·kg^-1）>草地（7.32 μg ·kg^-1）.相关性分析结果表明,土壤中总抗生素含量与有机肥施用量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,与土壤pH呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素含量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,而喹诺酮类抗生素含量与土壤速效磷、有机质含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.潜在生态环境风险评估结果显示：开州区菜地土壤中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素具有中度生态风险,其中62%~92%和62%~100%土样的喹诺酮类抗生素对土壤动物和微生物具有潜在毒性.