桃江河沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险评价

以赣江上游桃江河沉积物为研究对象,通过采集45个平水期表层沉积物样品,分析Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和W 7种元素含量,查明沉积物中重金属污染特征,结合主成分分析和相关性分析方法探讨表层沉积物中重金属的来源,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属进行了评价.结果表明,桃江河沉积物中Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和W的平均含量均超过赣州市土壤环境背景值;主成分提取的两个主成分的累积贡献率为58.22%,结合Pearson相关性分析结果,表明Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、W主要来源于矿业活动和城市生活排放等人为活动的影响,Cr主要来源于自然源的影响;地累积指数法评价结果表明,桃江河沉积物Cd为主要污染元素,表现为偏重污染程度,Cu呈偏中污染程度,Zn、As和W这3种元素则表现为轻度污染程度,而Cr和Pb则无污染;潜在生态指数评价结果表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、W均属于低生态风险等级;Cd为严重生态风险等级.潜在生态风险指数(RI)为53.60～7379.35,其中低级、中度、重度生态风险的样点分别占13.33%、17.78%、17.78%,而严重生态风险的样点占51.11%,中度生态风险及以上的点位占据85%以上,可见桃江河沉积物中重金属存在极为严重生态风险.     

帕米尔高原冰川流域碎屑颗粒的铀同位素组成及其对沉积物搬运的指示

铀(U)同位素作为一种新的地球化学示踪手段,被逐渐用于研究陆地和海洋沉积物的搬运过程。然而,这一新技术能否有效指示不同环境中各类沉积物的搬运还需更多流域数据的支持。本文选取位于帕米尔高原东北部具有显著海拔梯度和气候差异的盖孜河冰川流域作为研究对象,通过该流域河流沉积物细颗粒中的U同位素的活度比((~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR))的空间变化,探索U同位素指示内陆冰川流域沉积物搬运的可行性。流域内河流沉积物的矿物组成以石英和长石(占51%—77%)为主,表明较弱的风化作用。流域内受冰川侵蚀控制的上游山区支流康西瓦河和木吉河沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)范围分别是0.990—1.017和0.988—1.009,盖孜河中下游段河流沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)则为0.913—0.997。从上游山区至中下游段显示了一个明显的下降趋势,指示了沉积物搬运过程中(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)的确发生了系统的变化。然而,盖孜河流域碎屑颗粒比表面积和分形维数计算得到的反冲损失参数太低,未能利用U同位素破碎年龄模型获得合理的沉积物搬运时间,该模型如何用到冰川流域尚需更多的研究工作。     

松花湖表层沉积物中PAHs及PAEs污染特征

松花湖是吉林省面积最大的湖泊和重要水源地,具有防洪排涝、灌溉供水、航运旅游等重要功能.为探究松花湖中PAHs（多环芳烃）和PAEs（邻苯二甲酸酯）的主要污染来源及生物毒性风险,于2017年7月采集松花湖21个表层沉积物样品,采用GC-MS测试16种US EPA（美国环境保护局）优先控制PAHs和6种PAEs的质量分数,并通过统计学方法对调查结果进行分析.结果表明:①松花湖沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）范围为23.1~554.8 ng/g,平均值和中位值分别为172.9和123.2 ng/g,w（∑₁₆PAHs）高值分布在漂河镇和丰满乡附近湖区,主要来源于石油燃烧污染,贡献率为57.9%,其次为煤及生物质燃烧污染、石油泄露污染,贡献率分别为21.1%、21.0%.②松花湖沉积物中w（∑₆PAEs）范围为33.7~2 062.3 ng/g,平均值和中位值分别为240.4和72.7 ng/g,主要成分为DBP（邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯）和DEHP（邻酞酸二辛酯）,w（∑₆PAEs）高值分布在旺起镇附近湖区,其来源主要与城镇生活污染输入有关.③松花湖沉积物中PAHs、PAEs污染生态风险较低,只有部分采样点存在低度潜在生态风险,但旺起镇附近湖区沉积物中的w（DBP）已经临近ERL（效应区间低值）,需加以关注.研究显示,松花湖PAHs、PAEs污染程度较低,为加强松花湖饮用水源地保护,应着重加强交通燃油污染源的风险防控,同时在乡镇附近湖区应加强燃煤和生活污染源的监管力度.      

Structures and catalytic performances of Me/SAPO-34 (Me = Mn, Ni, Co) catalysts for low-tem perature SCR of NOx by ammonia

Me/SAPO-34 (Me = Mn, Ni, Co) series of catalysts were prepared by a wetness impregnation method and investigated for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia (NH₃-SCR). Among them, Mn/SAPO-34 catalyst was found as the most promising candidate based on its superior low-temperature activity. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy images (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature programmed reduction and desorption (TPR and TPD), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of NH₃/NO_x adsorption. Mn/SAPO-34 is obviously different from Ni/SAPO-34 and Co/SAPO-34 in the active species state and distribution. Surface MnO_x species which play an essential role in NO oxidation and NO₂ adsorption, act as better active sites than nickel and cobalt mostly in the form of the aluminates and silicates.     

广东茂名主要水系表层沉积物重金属风险评估及源解析

为了解广东茂名主要水系表层沉积物重金属的空间分布特征及其污染来源,合理评价研究区域沉积物重金属的生态风险,对茂名市8条河流和3座水库表层沉积物中重金属(As、 Hg、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Mn、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)含量进行分析.采用地累积指数、潜在生态风险指数和潜在生物毒性效应评估重金属的生态风险;使用主成分分析和正定矩阵因子分解模型解析重金属的来源.结果表明,表层沉积物中ω(Zn)(147.56mg·kg^-1)和ω(Hg)(0.20mg·kg^-1)水平较高,分别超背景值3.72倍和2.25倍.Cd、 Co、 Cu、 Mn、 Ni和Zn含量水平在空间分布上表现为：北部>中部>西部>东南部.地累积指数结果显示Zn为偏中度污染,76.6%采样点的Hg为轻度-偏重度污染,其余元素整体上为无-轻度污染.潜在生态风险和潜在生物毒性评估结果均表明高州水库潜在生态风险指数和毒性效应较其他水系高,且Hg为主要贡献元素.主成分分析和正定矩阵因子分解模型提取的3个因子分别代表自然源、农业面源和工业源.因此,为降低沉积物中重金属带来...     

Sorption behavior of U(VI) on phyllite: experiments and modeling

The sorption of U(VI) onto low-grade metamorphic rock phyllite was modeled with the diffuse double layer model (DDLM) using the primary mineralogical constituents of phyllite, i.e. quartz, chlorite, muscovite, and albite, as input components, and as additional component, the poorly ordered Fe oxide hydroxide mineral, ferrihydrite. Ferrihydrite forms during the batch sorption experiment as a weathering product of chlorite. In this process, Fe(II), leached from the chlorite, oxidizes to Fe(III), hydrolyses and precipitates as ferrihydrite. The formation of ferrihydrite during the batch sorption experiment was identified by M?ssbauer spectroscopy, showing a 2.8% increase of Fe(III) in the phyllite powder. The ferrihydrite was present as Fe nanoparticles or agglomerates with diameters ranging from 6 to 25 nm, with indications for even smaller particles. These Fe colloids were detected in centrifugation experiments of a ground phyllite suspension using various centrifugal forces. The basis for the successful interpretation of the experimental sorption data of uranyl(VI) on phyllite were: (1) the determination of surface complex formation constants of uranyl with quartz, chlorite, muscovite, albite, and ferrihydrite in individual batch sorption experiments, (2) the determination of surface acidity constants of quartz, chlorite, muscovite, and albite obtained from separate acid-base titration, (3) the determination of surface site densities of quartz, chlorite, muscovite, and albite evaluated independently of each other with adsorption isotherms, and (4) the quantification of the secondary phase ferrihydrite, which formed during the batch sorption experiments with phyllite. The surface complex formation constants and the protolysis constants were optimized by using the experimentally obtained data sets and the computer code FITEQL. Surface site densities were evaluated from adsorption isotherms at pH 6.5. The uranyl(VI) sorption onto phyllite was accurately modeled with these newly determined constants and parameters of the main mineralogical constituents of phyllite and the secondary mineralization phase ferrihydrite. The modeling indicated that uranyl sorption to ferrihydrite clearly dominates uranyl sorption, showing the great importance of secondary iron phases for sorption studies.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetus: A study of 20 cases performed without curarization

Twenty patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a mean gestational age of 32 weeks. There were 12 patients with suspected fetal brain abnormality and four with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), while the remaining four cases were studied for other reasons. The MRI examinations were performed on a 0.5 Tesla machine, with surface coils. One minute acquisition time T1 sequences were used. All the studies were performed without fetal curarization, and only under maternal sedation using flunitrazepam given per os 1 h before MRI examination. Three examinations were incomplete because of fetal movement artefacts. In the remaining cases, MRI allowed the examination of fetal brain anatomy. In five cases, it helped to differentiate isolated hydrocephalus and corpus callosum agenesis. Sub-ependymal nodules were depicted in a case of fetal tuberous sclerosis. One suspected arachnoid cyst was proved to be an ultrasound artefact. Decreased fetal fat on MR images was correlated with low birth weight in cases of IUGR. Due to its better spatial resolution, ultrasonography was more accurate for the diagnosis of facial and lumbar anomalies. Fetal MRI may be performed without curarization. Surface coils allow the detailed analysis of brain parenchyma, and thus MRI is especially useful in the difficult prenatal diagnosis of fetal brain abnormalities.     

Comparison of Solid-Phase and Pore-Water Approaches for Assessing the Quality of Marine and Estuarine Sediments

As part of our continuing evaluation of the pore-water approach for assessing sediment quality, we made a series of side-by-side comparisons between the standard 10-day amphipod whole sediment test with the corophiid Grandidierella japonica and a suite of tests using pore water extracted from the same sediments. the pore-water tests evaluated were the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) sperm cell test and morphological development assay, the life-cycle test with the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus, and acute exposures of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) embryo-larval stages. Sediment and surface microlayer samples were collected from contaminated sites. Whole-sediment, pore-water, and surface microlayer toxicity tests were performed. Pore-water toxicity tests were considerably more sensitive than the whole-sediment amphipod test, which is currently the most sensitive toxicity test now recommended for determining the acceptability of dredged material for open ocean disposal.     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^-1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^-1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^-1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^-1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^-1 and 0.22 ppm hr^-1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.     

Tamarisk and river-channel management

Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis, Lour.) an artificially introduced tree, has become a most common species in many riparian vegetation communities along the rivers of the western United States. On the Salt and Gila rivers of central Arizona, the plant first appeared in the early 1890s, and by 1940 it grew in dense thickets that posed serious flood-control problems by substantially reducing the capacities of major channels. Since 1940 its distribution and density in central Arizona have fluctuated in response to combined natural processes and human management. Groundwater levels, channel waters, floods, irrigation return waters, sewage effluent, and sedimentation behind retention and diversion works are major control mechanisms on the growth of tamarisk; on a regional scale of analysis, groundwater levels are the most significant under present conditions.