大气污染综合整治规划软件在中小城镇的应用

本文阐述了大气污染综合整治规划软件在北票市的实际应用，以北票市大气污染综合整治为实例，建立了大气污染综合整治计算机处理系统，取得了满意的效果．     

System dynamics model for analyzing effects of eco-design policy on packaging waste management system

EU's long-term objective is to become a recycling and resource effective society, where waste is utilized as a resource and waste generation is prevented. A system dynamics model was developed to analyze the policy mechanisms that promote packaging material efficiency in products through increased recycling rates. The model includes economic incentives such as packaging and landfill taxes combined with market mechanisms, behavioral aspects and ecological considerations in terms of material efficiency (the packaging material per product unit, recycled fraction in products). The paper presents the results of application of various policy instruments for increasing packaging material efficiency and recovery rate and reducing landfilled fraction. The results show that a packaging tax is an effective policy instrument for increasing the material efficiency. It ensures the decrease of the total consumption of materials and subsequent waste generation. The tax helps to counteract a rebound effect, which, as identified by the analysis, can be caused by reduced material costs due to eco-design. The model is applied to the case of Latvia. Yet, the elements and structure of the model developed are similar to waste management systems in many countries. By changing numeric values of certain parameters, the model can be applied to analyze policy mechanisms in other countries.     

天津港ISO 14001环境管理体系的建立与前景展望

ＩＳＯ１４００１环境管理标准体系在企业环境管理方面的应用正逐步开展起来。通过对天津港环境保护管理工作的总结，提出了ＩＳＯ１４００１环境管理体系在天津港建立的必要性及构想，探讨了港区进行环境管理的思路、特点和运行程序，提出了在建立ＩＳＯ１４００１环境管理体系，建设生态化港口是切实可行的。     

天津景观水体水生生态系统健康体系的建立与评估

综合多学科、多领域,从生物物理、社会经济和人类健康等方面综合考虑,建立了天津市景观河流健康评价指标体系,包括6个因素24个指标。评估了水生态健康程度。寻求人为压力与天津城市河流水生态系统变化之间的联系,识别河流受损原因．验证河流管理措施的有效性,对有效保障水生态安全、科学治水、综合利用水资源等均具有一定的科学指导作用。     

沈阳市推行排污许可证制度的回顾、反思及对策研究

通过对沈阳市实施排污许可证制度的回顾、发现其存在的问题,并对推行排污许可讧制度提供对策与措施。     

流域农业面源污染动态监控系统的建立和运行

提出建立农业面源污染动态监控系统的技术构思,构筑了“辽宁省农业面源污染动态监控系统”的功能及运行机制的构架,阐述了推进此动态监控系统完善的研究方案与系统实施的保证措施。     

Increasing land pressure in East Africa: The changing role of cassava and consequences for sustainability of farming systems

Increasing land pressure during the past three to four decades has transformed farming systems in the mid-altitude zone of East Africa. Traditional millet-, cotton-, sugarcane- and/or banana-based farming systems with an important fallow and/or grazing component have evolved into continuously cultivated cassava or cassava/maize-based systems. Within three to four decades, cassava cultivation increased from 1–11 to 16–55% of cropped fields in our six study sites. Declining soil fertility, and not labour or food shortage, was apparently the primary trigger for this transformation. The land use changes have increased nutrient offtakes and reduced nutrient recycling rates. Cassava and maize now account for 50–90% of nutrient removal. Whereas single-season fallows were the most important source of nutrient recycling on cropped fields in the past, currently cassava litterfall and maize stover contribute roughly 70% of nutrient recycling, with 50–70% of N, P and K recycled in cassava litterfall. This may explain why many farmers reason that cassava ‘rests’ the soil. With increasing land use pressure farmers progressively use cassava as an ‘imitation fallow’ throughout their farm. Farmers increasingly target cassava to poor fertility fields characterized by low pH and available P. High cassava intensities are nonetheless maintained on more fertile fields, probably to guarantee regeneration of soil fertility on all fields. Once cassava is targeted to poor fertility soils, farmers have run out of low-input management options and need to intensify management to maintain system productivity. As cassava is now used by more farmers and on a larger acreage than fallowing in the studied farming systems, cassava cropping could perhaps serve as an excellent entry point to strengthen system sustainability.     

环境影响评价的系统方法

环境影响评价需要将评价对象作为一个系统来考虑,因此在评价过程中必然要用到系统方法,论述了环境系统工程、系统动力学和环境信息系统三大系统方法在环境影响评价中的应用.     

我国地下水环境管理现状及管理制度构建研究

在目前进行我国《水污染防治法》的修法工作中,发现地下水的相关责任由国务院多个部门负责,系统性差,协调难度大,存在工作性质与管理责任脱节的现象。因此,文章在总结梳理国内法律法规和相关管理规定及理清各部门管理责任的基础上,针对我国地下水的实际情况,提出完善我国地下水管理制度及建议。     

国外环境政策评估体系研究——基于美国、欧盟的比较

为了进一步明确环境政策评估体系在识别环境政策实施绩效、评价环境政策社会经济影响、推进环境政策改革与创新中的作用,文章以美国、欧盟的环境政策评估体系为研究对象,建立了评估主体、评估对象、评估标准等要素的基本分析框架,分析总结了国外环境政策评估体系的基本构成要素及运行模式,在此基础上,结合我国环境保护现状与形势,对推进我国环境政策评估工作提出了几点思考。