叶面喷施铈硅复合溶胶抑制生菜砷积累效应研究

采用水热合成法,利用正硅酸乙酯和硝酸铈分别制备了二氧化硅和二氧化铈溶胶。通过土培盆栽试验,在广东省汕头市莲花山钨矿区砷污染土壤上种植意大利生菜,研究了叶面喷施不同浓度二氧化硅、二氧化铈以及不同掺杂比的铈硅复合溶胶对生菜地上部生物量、叶绿素含量、砷含量以及生菜地上部砷积累量的影响。结果表明：叶面喷施不同浓度铈、硅溶胶及不同掺杂比的铈硅复合溶胶均可以缓解生菜砷毒害,表现为生菜的地上部鲜重升高了9%～58.8%,砷含量降低了23%～48%。叶面喷施低浓度的二氧化铈掺杂5mmol·L-1二氧化硅复合溶胶可以增加生菜叶片叶绿素含量,进一步提高二氧化硅缓解生菜砷毒害效果。其中以叶面喷施5mmol·L-12%铈掺杂二氧化硅复合溶胶生菜地上部鲜重最高为对照的1.6倍;砷含量最低为对照的51.4%。叶面喷施铈、硅复合溶胶不仅可以降低生菜可食用部位砷浓度,而且可以减少生菜地上部吸收积累砷总量,从而降低了砷通过食物链对人体健康的危害。与传统土壤施用硅肥相比,叶面施用硅溶胶具有经济高效的优点,为土壤砷污染控制提供了一种新的选择。     

Laboratory evidence of MTBE biodegradation in Borden aquifer material

Mainly due to intrinsic biodegradation, monitored natural attenuation can be an effective and inexpensive remediation strategy at petroleum release sites. However, gasoline additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) can jeopardize this strategy because these compounds often degrade, if at all, at a slower rate than the collectively benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylene (BTEX) compounds. Investigation of whether a compound degrades under certain conditions, and at what rate, is therefore important to the assessment of the intrinsic remediation potential of aquifers. A natural gradient experiment with dissolved MTBE-containing gasoline in the shallow, aerobic sand aquifer at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden (Ontario, Canada) from 1988 to 1996 suggested that biodegradation was the main cause of attenuation for MTBE within the aquifer. This laboratory study demonstrates biologically catalyzed MTBE degradation in Borden aquifer-like environments, and so supports the idea that attenuation due to biodegradation may have occurred in the natural gradient experiment. In an experiment with batch microcosms of aquifer material, three of the microcosms ultimately degraded MTBE to below detection, although this required more than 189 days (or >300 days in one case). Failure to detect the daughter product tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in the field and the batch experiments could be because TBA was more readily degradable than MTBE under Borden conditions.     

生物芯片技术及其在环境科学领域的应用

生物芯片技术是20世纪以来发展迅速且引人瞩目的一个前沿领域。文章主要介绍了生物芯片技术在环境化学、环境生物学、环境毒理学、分子生态学以及环境医学领域中的应用。并对生物芯片在环境领域的应用前景做出了展望。     

Modeling of the EMRAS urban working group hypothetical scenario using the RESRAD-RDD methodology

The RESRAD-RDD methodology was applied to model the short- and long-term radiation exposures after a hypothetical radiological dispersal device (RDD) event in an urban environment. It was assumed that an RDD event would result in outside surface contamination of the exterior walls and roofs of surrounding buildings, as well as associated paved areas and lawns. The contaminants also might move inside the buildings and deposit on floors and interior walls. Some important input parameters include occupancy factors, building characteristics, and weathering of surface contamination. The modeling results include predicted external dose rates, relative contributions from important surfaces, annual and cumulative doses, and radionuclide concentrations. Potential countermeasures evaluated include grass removal, soil removal, and washing of paved areas.     

Modelling of a large-scale urban contamination situation and remediation alternatives

The Urban Remediation Working Group of the International Atomic Energy Agency's EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety) program was organized to address issues of remediation assessment modelling for urban areas contaminated with dispersed radionuclides. The present paper describes the first of two modelling exercises, which was based on Chernobyl fallout data in the town of Pripyat, Ukraine. Modelling endpoints for the exercise included radionuclide concentrations and external dose rates at specified locations, contributions to the dose rates from individual surfaces and radionuclides, and annual and cumulative external doses to specified reference individuals. Model predictions were performed for a “no action” situation (with no remedial measures) and for selected countermeasures. The exercise provided a valuable opportunity to compare modelling approaches and parameter values, as well as to compare the predicted effectiveness of various countermeasures with respect to short-term and long-term reduction of predicted doses to people.     

Impacts of arsenic contamination in groundwater: case study of some villages in Bangladesh

The contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh by arsenic is a widespread and serious environmental problem, affecting mainly the rural population who rely extensively on groundwater for drinking and cooking. The study conducted survey work in a few affected villages of the Northwest region in Bangladesh. The household survey gathered information on the respondents (affected by arsenic) water usage and sources, knowledge of the arsenic problem, changes in the source of water for drinking and cooking, arsenic mitigation technologies and socio-economic information on the households. The survey work shows that percentage of male patient is higher than female patient among the same level of household income in each study villages. Prevalence of arsenicosis is more among poorer sections and it is directly related to the poverty situation of the community. People know more about the health problems caused by arsenicosis but lack knowledge about mitigation aspects. In one of the study areas, every year an extra 4% tubewell is getting contaminated by arsenic. Arsenic contamination in groundwater also affects the environment and the ecology negatively. The NGOs have been found contributing to a knowledge creation process in the village community as the villagers are showing marked behavioral changes in water-use practice.

Genotoxicity of water from the Songhua River, China, in 1994-1995 and 2002-2003: Potential risks for human health

A previous study showed that the cancer mortalities are higher for residents who lived nearby the Songhua River heavily polluted by organic contamination. It is important to determine its risk of carcinogenic potential. Short-term genotoxic bio-assays using Salmonella, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), and Micronuclei (MN) assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Salmonella bioassay indicated that there were indirect frame-shift mutagens in the water samples. A dose-response relationship for the SCE and MN assays was obtained. These results showed that organic extracts of water samples have genotoxic activity and the risk of carcinogenic potential to human health. The mutagenesis of water samples had changed compared to the results in 1994-1995. An increasing trend of risk of carcinogenic potential in the Songhua River after ten years should be noted and needs to be studied further.     

Contamination and source differentiation of Pb in park soils along an urban-rural gradient in Shanghai

Urban soil Pb contamination is a great human health risk. Lead distribution and source in topsoils from 14 parks in Shanghai, China were investigated along an urban-rural gradient. Topsoils were contaminated averagely with 65 mg Pb kg⁻¹, 2.5 times higher than local soil background concentrations. HCl-extracts contained more anthropogenic Pb signatures than total sample digests as revealed by the higher ^207/206Pb and ^208/206Pb ratios in extracts (0.8613 ± 0.0094 and 2.1085 ± 0.0121 versus total digests 0.8575 ± 0.0098 and 2.0959 ± 0.0116). This suggests a higher sensitivity of HCl-extraction than total digestion in identifying anthropogenic Pb sources. Coal combustion emission was identified as the major anthropogenic Pb source (averagely 47%) while leaded gasoline emission contributed 12% overall. Urbanization effects were observed by total Pb content and anthropogenic Pb contribution. This study suggests that to reduce Pb contamination, Shanghai might have to change its energy composition to clean energy.     

铜陵尾矿土壤重金属污染物的固定修复

化学固定法通过向土壤中添加一定的固定剂,降低重金属有效态含量达到修复土壤重金属污染的目的。利用石灰、炉渣和稻草作为土壤重金属固定剂,通过土壤与固定剂的混合来修复铜陵Cu、Cd、Zn污染土壤,分析石灰、炉渣和稻草对土壤有效态Cu、Cd、Zn的固定修复效率和土壤微生物代谢呼吸率的影响。结果表明:除石灰与炉渣单独使用时对Cu固定修复效率低,以及稻草单独使用对Cd与Zn的固定修复效率也较差外,固定剂能够显著的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),尤其石灰、煤渣和稻草的混合物能够最为高效的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量,固定修复效率分别为9428%、7810%和 9857%,同时还能显著提高土壤微生物的代谢呼吸率(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),增大微生物的活性。Pearson’s相关系数分析进一步表明在重金属污染的酸性土壤中,同时增加碱性物质和有机质含量能够较为高效地降低有效态重金属含量,增强土壤微生物抗重金属胁迫和毒性耐受能力,利于土壤的复垦再利用     

Assessing the transformation of chlorinated ethenes in aquifers with limited potential for natural attenuation: added values of compound-specific carbon isotope analysis and groundwater dating

The evaluation of biotransformation of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) in contaminated aquifers is challenging when variable redox conditions and groundwater flow regime are limiting factors. By using compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis (C-CSIA) and ³H-³He based groundwater dating, we assessed three CE-contaminated field sites that differed in groundwater flow velocities, redox conditions, and level of contamination. CE isotopic signatures and carbon isotopic mass balances were applied to quantify CE transformation, whereas groundwater dating allowed determining degradation timescales and assessing hydrodynamic regimes. The combination of these techniques enabled at all field sites to indicate zones within the aquifers where CE dechlorination preferably occurred, sometimes even to metabolites of no toxic concern. However, the natural transformation processes were insufficient to mitigate the entire CE contamination at the studied sites. Such situations of limited transformation are worldwide far more common than sites where optimal natural (mainly redox) conditions are enabling complete CEs degradation. Despite such constraints for natural transformation, this study showed that even under non-favorable biogeochemical CEs degradation, the combination of CSIA and groundwater dating provide valuable information to the understanding of the fate of the CEs, thus, being an important contribution in the definition of efficient remediation measures at any given biogeochemical conditions.