陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落土壤侵蚀的典型流域调查与估算——以碾庄沟流域为例

随着乡村聚落的发展,陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落土壤侵蚀的严重性已经凸显。以碾庄沟流域为例,研究了乡村聚落土壤侵蚀方式,并对侵蚀总量进行了估算。结果显示:从乡村聚落土壤侵蚀的主要方式来看,以新建窑洞的弃土侵蚀最大,窑洞坍塌侵蚀次之,聚落水蚀侵蚀量最小,其中塌窑侵蚀和建窑侵蚀两项合计占到乡村聚落土壤侵蚀总量的94.6%;从乡村聚落的侵蚀总量来看,面积占1.08%的乡村聚落产生的侵蚀量却占到全流域侵蚀总量的6.83%,人居侵蚀模数达6.3万t/(km2.a)或8.18 t/(人.a)。因此,对乡村聚落土壤侵蚀应加以重视,而土壤侵蚀的防治工作应该以新建窑洞的管理和废弃窑洞坍塌的治理为重点。     

推流式与完全混合式曝气池的比较

介绍了推流式曝气池及完全混合式曝气池的工艺流程及特点，特别是从其内在的规律上对两种形式的曝气池做了细致的比较。并以两个具体的实例来进一步说明了它们的特点。     

淮河流域致洪暴雨特征及预警指标分析

本文通过对1950～2000年的个例分析,总结了淮河流域致洪暴雨的天气学特征和判别指标;根据区域降水量与王家坝站的水位分析,确定了淮河流域致洪暴雨的预警指标.     

伊犁河流域水污染及水土流失防治调查

通过对伊犁河流域现状和存在问题的分析 ,针对性地提出了保护伊犁河流域的综合治理措施     

沱江流域主要污染负荷预测及时空分布特征

耦合社会-经济因子探究工业点源和生活污染源污染负荷未来变化趋势,可为优化水环境规划和管理方案提供理论依据。选取沱江流域为研究区域,采用经济增长预测法、工业点源传统统计法、人口趋势灰色模型预测法和排污系数法分别计算了2020-2025年该区域28个县(市、区)的工业GDP值,工业点源废水排放量及主要污染负荷(COD、NH₃-N、TN、TP),农村与城镇人口及生活污染源的主要污染负荷,并利用ArcGIS技术探究了工业点源和生活污染源主要污染负荷空间分布特征。结果表明:2020-2025年,工业GDP值总体呈逐年增加趋势,而工业废水排放量总体呈逐年减少趋势,预计到2025年,流域工业GDP值将增加至2.52×10¹²元,而工业废水排放量将减少至0.64×10⁸ t。工业点源主要污染负荷表现为COD>NH₃-N>TN>TP。沱江流域总人口数与生活污染源污染负荷呈逐年增加趋势,其中城镇人口与生活污染源污染负荷呈逐年增加趋势,农村人口与生活污染源污染负荷呈逐年减少趋势,且城镇人口及生活污染源污染负荷增加量大于农村人口及生活污染源污染负荷减少量。城镇、农村生活污染源的主要污染负荷表现为COD>NH₃-N>TN>TP。工业点源和生活污染源主要污染负荷在空间上存在高度异质性。2025年,来自工业点源的主要污染负荷均呈上游较少,中、下游较多的特征;来自城市生活污染源的主要污染负荷均呈中、上游较多,下游较少的特征;来自农村生活污染源的主要污染负荷均呈中游较多,上、下游较少的特征。笔者提出耦合社会-经济因子预测流域污染负荷的方法可以推广到其他与社会经济指标相关联的流域工业点源、生活污染源污染负荷的预测研究中,以期为未来流域水环境管理与治理提供科学参考。     

Assessment of deep aquifer groundwater quality in a geographically unique climatic region of Southern Western Ghats,India using water quality indices

Water quality index (WQI) models are generally used in hydrochemical studies to simplify complex data into single values to reflect the overall quality. In this study, deep groundwater quality in the Chittur and Palakkad Taluks of the Bharathapuzha river basin of Kerala, India, was assessed by employing the WQI method developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The assessment of overall water quality is indispensable due to the specific characteristics of the study area, such as geography, climate, over-drafting, and prevalent agricultural practices. Forty representative samples were collected from the study area for monsoon (MON) and pre-monsoon (PRM) seasons. The results showed a general increase of contents from MON to PRM. The major cations were spread in the order Ca²⁺>Na+>Mg²⁺>K⁺ and the anions HCO₃⁻>Cl⁻>CO₃²⁻ based on their relative abundance. Among various parameters analysed, alkalinity and bicarbonate levels during MON were comparatively high, which is indicative of carbonate weathering, and 90% of the samples failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017)/Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012) drinking water guidelines. The CCME WQI analysis revealed that nearly 50% of the samples during each season represented good and excellent categories. The samples in the poor category comprised 10% in MON and 15% in PRM. The overall WQI exhibited 15% of poor category samples as well. The spatial depiction of CCME WQI classes helped to expose zones of degraded quality in the centre to eastward parts. The spatial and temporal variations of CCME WQI classes and different physicochemical attributes indicated the influence of common factors attributing to the deep groundwater quality. The study also revealed inland salinity at Kolluparamba and Peruvamba stations, where agricultural activities were rampant with poor surface water irrigation.     

Wetland Flowpaths Mediate Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations across the Upper Mississippi River Basin

Eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and human health impacts are critical environmental challenges resulting from excess nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. Yet we have limited information regarding how wetland characteristics mediate water quality across watershed scales. We developed a large, novel set of spatial variables characterizing hydrological flowpaths from wetlands to streams, that is, “wetland hydrological transport variables,” to explore how wetlands statistically explain the variability in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations across the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) in the United States. We found that wetland flowpath variables improved landscape-to-aquatic nutrient multilinear regression models (from R² = 0.89 to 0.91 for TN; R² = 0.53 to 0.84 for TP) and provided insights into potential processes governing how wetlands influence watershed-scale TN and TP concentrations. Specifically, flowpath variables describing flow-attenuating environments, for example, subsurface transport compared to overland flowpaths, were related to lower TN and TP concentrations. Frequent hydrological connections from wetlands to streams were also linked to low TP concentrations, which likely suggests a nutrient source limitation in some areas of the UMRB. Consideration of wetland flowpaths could inform management and conservation activities designed to reduce nutrient export to downstream waters.     

福建泉州湾有机氯农药的多介质迁移与归趋

以α-HCH与p,p'-DDT为主要研究对象,以泉州湾及其重要汇水流域--晋江流域为研究区域,构建了Level Ⅲ多介质非平衡稳态逸度模型,对该区域α-HCH与p,p'-DDT在各环境相中浓度、容纳能力、储量分布及各相间的迁移通量进行了计算分析,并对模型关键输入参数的灵敏度进行了探讨.结果显示：α-HCH与p,p'-DDT在土壤相,水相以及沉积物相中的模拟计算浓度与野外样品实测平均浓度吻合度较高,验证了模型的有效性;当研究系统达到平衡时,环境各相对α-HCH与p,p'-DDT容纳能力由大到小分别为沉积物,土壤,水及空气; α-HCH在土壤与沉积物中的储量之和为总储量的97.42%, p,p'-DDT则为99.89%,是其主要的汇区;α-HCH与p,p'-DDT从研究区域迁移消逝的主要途径为水的平流输出,在环境相间迁移过程中,α-HCH的主要迁移途径为水体向大气的迁移,而p,p'-DDT的主要迁移途径为水体向沉积物的迁移;灵敏度分析指出辛醇-水分配系数对数值logK_ow是影响污染物在环境相中浓度分布的最主要因素.     

太湖流域典型河网水体氮磷负荷及迁移特征

对西太湖流域典型河道水体及沉积物氮磷含量进行分析,利用原柱样培养实验测定了沉积物-水界面氮磷交换通量及需氧量(SOD),并探讨他们之间的关系,结果表明:研究区域河道水体和沉积物氮磷总体含量水平较高,水体TN和TP平均含量分别为4.12mg/L和0.16mg/L,沉积物TN和TP平均含量分别为1658.76mg/kg和712.25mg/kg, NO₃^--N为水体无机氮的主要存在形态,NH₄⁺-N为沉积物无机氮的主要存在形态.沉积物需氧量(SOD)区域间差异较大,大体呈现西、南部区域较高,北部区域较低的特征;沉积物-水界面各无机氮磷交换通量分别为:NH₄⁺-N为-188.08~329.45mg/(m²·h),均值为13.05mg/(m²·h);NO₃^--N为-118.68~42.86mg/(m²·h),均值-28.09mg/(m²·h);NO₂^--N为-18.37~-4.81mg/(m²·h);均值-8.22mg/(m²·h);溶解性活性磷(SRP)为-10.94~10.58mg/(m²·h),均值1.34mg/(m²·h). NH₄⁺-N整体表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,且与沉积物有机质(LOI)呈极显著正相关,SRP交换通量与沉积物中TP和TDP均显著正相关,表明NH₄⁺-N的释放与沉积物有机质的分解有关,SRP释放主要受沉积物TP和TDP影响.总体看,西部区域点位沉积物及水体氮磷污染最为严重,氮磷交换通量也较大,在区域内又表现为下游入湖口 > 上游的特征,表明人类活动对太湖流域典型河网氮磷水平及迁移转化特征影响较大.     

基于正交设计及EFDC模型的湖泊流域总量控制——以滇池流域为例

构建了基于正交设计-水质模拟-方案评价的污染物总量控制方案的方法体系,并应用于滇池流域.选择TN、TP作为总量控制指标,将滇池流域划分为6个子区单元,通过设计5水平（0%,5%,10%,15%,20%）6因素的正交试验表,得到25种不同削减方案;耦合EFDC模型模拟得到25种不同削减情景条件下湖泊水质的TN、TP浓度分布,计算各方案综合营养状态指数（TSI）,筛选符合中度富营养化标准（60