“十一五”约束性污染控制的企业减排效应

依托2006年“十一五”约束性污染控制政策的实施,基于中国工业企业数据与企业污染排放数据的匹配数据库,探究总量控制与约束性的环境规制政策实施对企业减排的影响效果及其作用机制。研究发现:约束性污染控制政策实施后,受规制强度较高的企业SO₂和COD的污染排放量分别下降了12.8%、12.1%,该效应经过一系列稳健性检验依然显著;机制分析发现,约束性污染控制实施后,SO₂组样本的洁净能源消费量上升0.12%、技术效率提升53.56%,COD组样本洁净能源消费量上升0.14%、技术效率提升56.60%,企业通过能源消费结构的转变和技术效率的提升实现减排。异质性分析发现,国有企业和非国有企业、大规模企业和小规模企业、重污染行业企业和非重污染行业企业以及东西部地区企业在减排效果上均存在显著差异。企业到地理边界的距离与企业污染排放量存在着局部负相关关系。     

环境规制是否能激发绿色创新?——基于点-线-面三维框架的可视化分析

伴随生态文明建设确立为国家战略,环境规制与绿色创新日益成为学术领域研究的热点,其中最具代表性的波特假说近年来逐渐成为多领域学者们关注的重点问题,并积累了丰硕的研究成果。本文以1995—2018年Web of Science数据库中波特假说领域相关研究的文献为样本,运用可视化分析软件,基于点-线-面三维框架整理了环境规制与绿色创新、竞争力等相关主题的关键文献、历史路径和关键词聚类等内容。首先,在关键词共被引网络分析的基础上探讨波特假说研究中存在的四个热点方向,即学者们热衷于对波特假说的强版本、狭义版本以及弱版本进行检验;学者们对环境政策的研究细分至具体的政策如能源政策;倾向于利用不同类型的环境规制对企业环境创新进行验证;探究环境规制和环境创新成因之间的关系。接着,运用文献共被引关系路径分析发现两种引证关系路径,即实证引证关系路径和理论引证关系路径。最后,通过对高被引文献的共被引关系进行模块化分析,显示出了五个重要热点聚类:环境绩效与财务绩效;环境管制与竞争力;企业环境行为与环境管理;环境管制与产业区位选择;环境管制与生产效率。从而,得出了未来需要加强波特假说研究的五个方向的建议:一是文献研究对象需要扩展比较,理论支撑有待继续挖掘;二是针对企业异质性进行环境政策特性设计,灵活创新政府政策工具;三是企业主动性加强,推动形成企业层面研究新视角;四是关注跨国贸易,强化环境规制对国际碳转移和污染倾销问题研究;五是拓宽研究方法的新视角,多关注政策工具间交互影响。     

Are Wastewater Systems Adapting to Climate Change?

Wastewater (WW) systems are vulnerable to extreme precipitation events; storm‐induced WW system failures pollute the environment and put public health at risk. Despite these vulnerabilities, we know very little about how WW managers are responding to current climate risks or to future climate change. This study aims to fill this critical gap in the literature. Data from surveys and interviews were used to understand what WW managers are doing to adapt to the current climate, what facilitates those adaptations, and if they are adapting to future climate change. Findings show most WW managers (78%) are making changes to build resiliency to storms they have experienced in the past (e.g., extra fuel on site, extra staff on call, more training, better communication, adding generators, elevating components, adding capacity); most are not adapting to future climate change. Our work suggests organizational leadership, concern about future climate‐related impacts, and experiencing storm impacts drive resiliency changes while regulatory requirements drive adaptation to future climate change. Beyond advancing science, our work offers practical suggestions for building WW system resilience and for increasing WW system's consideration of future climate impacts in their resiliency building efforts.     

Local voices on renewable energy projects: the performative role of the regulatory process for major offshore infrastructure in England and Wales

There is currently a considerable emphasis on delivering major renewable energy infrastructure projects. Such projects will have impacts on local communities; some impacts may be perceived as positive but others will be viewed more negatively. Any just regulatory process for considering and permitting such infrastructure will need to heed the concerns that local communities voice. But what counts as a local voice? In this paper it is argued that the regulatory process plays a performative role, constructing what counts as a local voice. Furthermore, this has consequences for how regulatory deliberations proceed and the outcomes of regulatory processes. The empirical basis for this argument is a study of major offshore renewable energy infrastructure in England and Wales and the way that it is regulated through a specific regime – the Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIPs) regime established by the Planning Act 2008. Through a detailed study of eight projects that have passed through the regime, the analysis unfolds the way that the voices of local residents, local businesses, local NGOs and local authorities are constructed in the key boundary object of the Examining Authority’s report; it then draws out the implications for the mitigation measures that are negotiated. The research suggests that what counts as a local voice is constrained by how the performative role of the NSIPs regulatory regime differentiates between interests and suggests that new ways of giving voice to local people are required.     

国电石横发电厂4号炉低压省煤器的应用与节能分析

国电石横发电厂从锅炉运行实际情况出发，对4号炉低压省煤器进行了应用改造，结合其他电厂锅炉低压省煤器的运行经验，制定了4号炉低压省煤器改造后的实际运行调节措施，降低了锅炉排烟温度，保证了锅炉投运低压省煤器后的安全经济运行，同时对其节能效果进行了分析。     

调水调沙对黄河口及邻近海域溶存甲烷的影响

于黄河第9次调水调沙期间在黄河下游垦利站开展调查,分析了调水调沙对黄河溶存甲烷浓度分布及黄河甲烷年入海通量的影响.于2009年6~7月黄河调水调沙前、中、后期对黄河口及邻近海域开展调查,探讨了调水调沙对黄河口甲烷分布的影响.结果表明:调水调沙期间黄河垦利站甲烷浓度变化范围为9.89~205.34nmol/L,与径流量和悬沙含量呈正相关,表明甲烷主要来源于河床底层浮泥的释放.调水调沙期间黄河向渤海输送的甲烷约为2.2×105mol,约占2009年黄河向渤海输送甲烷总量的50%,调水调沙对甲烷输送通量在年内的分配有较大影响.黄河口及其邻近海域的三次调查结果显示甲烷浓度范围为3.71~37.77nmol/L,受黄河冲淡水影响较大.据估算黄河口甲烷的饱和度为(649.7±292.1)%,黄河口及其邻近海域是大气甲烷的净源.     

简易喷淋在“三合一”场所消防整治中应用的思考

家庭作坊式或出租屋式的“三合一”场所投资少回报快,成为一些小型私营企业创业初期的首选,但“三合一”场所消防安全条件差火灾频发,尤其是导致人员伤亡的火灾长期高发不下。例举了近年来我国一些“三合一”场所的火灾案例,分析了我国各地采取的“三合一”场所消防安全整治的方法及效果。针对该类场所消防安全整治中难监管、易回潮的特点,提出了在“三合一”场所中推广应用简易自动喷淋系统,革新技防手段的措施,强调了应用简易自动喷淋系统在使用范围、自动报警、喷头选择方面应注意的事项。     

Impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface water and on the content of arsenic and fluoride pollutants of groundwater in the province of Salamanca (Western Spain)

The impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface and groundwaters of the River Tormes (River Duero basin, northwestern Iberian Peninsula) was studied to evaluate the evolution of the quality of the river during its passage through the city of Salamanca (Spain). The Water Quality Index (WQI) of the river revealed that the drought period of 2005 did not significantly affect water chemical quality. However, during the study period differences were found in surface water ecological quality, using phytoplankton quality as AN indicator. These differences may be accentuated as a result of regulation of the River Tormes by the Santa Teresa reservoir. Arsenic and fluoride concentrations were measured in water wells, finding higher arsenic concentrations after the drought period and no correlation between the arsenic and fluoride contents. The results are useful for an overall understanding of potential impact of climate change on the ecological and chemical status of water in regional systems.     

Nanotechnology in cosmetics: a boon or bane?

Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology enabled the manufacturing of elaborated nanometer-sized particles for various biomedical applications. The cosmetic industry is one of the most enthusiastic early adopters of nanotechnology which routinely uses nano-scale ingredients. However, in the absence of mandatory product labeling, it is difficult to estimate the number of cosmetics, sunscreens and personal care products containing nanoparticles that are now commercially available. The increased capacity of nanoparticles to penetrate skin and gain access to human cells is a double-edged sword as it may be useful for medical purposes, but might also result in far greater uptake of substances that exert adverse health effects. Since nanomaterials represent a large group of structurally, physically, and chemically variable substances, specific toxicological studies are required for each product prior to commercialization. This review aims to delineate the most investigated applications, risk and safety considerations, and regulation of nanotechnology in the field of cosmetics.     

Organics in wheat and rye straw pulp bleaching and combined mill effluents (II) ecotoxicological screening

Potential environmental effects of the discharge of industrial wastewater from manufacturing of bleached straw pulp have been studied. Bleached neutral sulphite straw pulping results in discharges of both black cooking and spent bleaching liquors. Time proportional samples were taken from the combined bleaching effluent and the combined mill effluent, (i) Mutagenic activity of the two samples in an Ames’ test, and (ii) acute toxicity of the combined mill effluent sample towards the photosynthetic activity of natural marine phytoplankton from the receiving waters were determined. Also, acute toxicity was determined of the slowly biodegradable or persistent organics remaining after aerobic stabilization of the sample towards (ii) photosynthetic activity of natural phytoplankton, (iii) mussels (Mytilus edulis), (iv) eels (Anguilla anguilla) and, (v) crustacean (Nitocra spinipes); and furthermore, (vi) reproduction test of the crustacean and (vii) growth inhibition test of the marine diatom (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) were performed. Mutagenicity emission factors (MEF's) and toxicity emission factors (TEF's) were calculated to classify the effluents. Combined mill effluent sample showed a mutagenic activity per t₉₀ of one fourth the activity of a kraft pulp bleaching effluent, and the inhibition of the photosynthesis of natural phytoplankton was significant up to 2600 times dilution. After aerobic stabilization, inhibition was observed up to 400 times dilution. Other effects of the combined mill effluent sample were only significant below 40 times dilution. The bleaching effluent showed a mutagenic activity per t₉₀ comparable to kraft bleaching effluents. Other effects were only significant below 20 times dilution.