旱作小麦─玉米垅种沟盖地膜带田集水调水与增产效应研究

旱作垅种（小麦）沟盖（玉米）地膜带田优于目前推广的沟种（小麦）垅盖（玉米）带田种植形式。在作物共生期相互调水作用更趋合理,平衡了小麦、玉米不同生育阶段对水分的供需矛盾,作物的生态条件更加适宜,群体结构更加协调,提高了作物的生产量,前者比后者增产９０％～１２５％。     

三江源区水源涵养功能评估

为实现三江源区水源涵养功能评估,服务区域生态服务价值估算,从水源涵养的概念出发,解析水源涵养功能的内涵特征和表征指标,提出了三江源区水源涵养功能评估技术框架,并基于SWAT模型建立三江源区水文模型,通过年尺度、月尺度和日尺度的水文模拟,完成三江源区水源涵养功能定量评估.从水文模型校准结果来看,直门达、唐乃亥和香达3个验证站日径流量最大相对误差不超过17.0%,月径流量最大相对误差不超过13.0%;日尺度模型中直门达站模拟效率系数超过了0.6,其他两个站也超过了0.5,月尺度模型中3个验证站模拟效率系数均超过0.6以上;日尺度模型和月尺度模型验证结果均可接受,在一定程度上较好地揭示出了三江源区的水量输出过程、趋势和规律.应用该模型对水源涵养功能进行定量评估,长江流域、黄河流域、澜沧江流域水资源供给量分别可达到158.8×108、326.2×108、72.6×108 m3;考虑土地利用和植被变化对流域径流输出的影响作用,植被破坏可能导致长江流域、黄河流域和澜沧江流域地下径流量分别可能减少98.6×108、200.1×108和44.5×108 m3;在相同降水条件下,低植被覆盖会导致长江流域、黄河流域和澜沧江流域年最大流量的平均值、最大值、最小值分别增加了约80%、60%和30%.研究显示,三江源区在保障下游用水、提升径流调节能力和缓解防洪压力等方面具有突出的作用.      

蓝光对萝卜向光性反应能力的调节

黑暗中培养的萝卜黄化苗在单侧蓝光辐时下的向光性反应比较迟钝。光照预辐射可以改变黄化苗的向光性反应能力，蓝光对向光性反应能力的影响达到显著水平，而红光和远红光的作用不显著；蓝光预辐射０－２ｈ，向光性反应能力按比例增加；１辐射２－１２ｈ，向光性反应能力的增加趋于饱和。蓝光２ｈ诱导增强的向光性反应能力在０－８ｈ的黑暗中可以保持１ｈ，随后便自行逐渐减弱。本文的研究涉及到蓝光对向光性反应能力的调节，在时间上位于向光性诱导及其反应过程之前，反应能力的增强及其在黑暗中的衰减过程均能在实验条件下得到有效的控制，这些结果对进一步筛选与向光性反应能力形成有关的特异蛋白质及ｍＲＮＡ提供了一个可操作的实验体系。     

锰污染土壤对超富集植物木荷生长及生理的影响

采用土培的方法,以广西桂林市未受污染土壤(CK)为对照,研究了贺州市某锰矿区的未开采区(U)、探矿区(P)、恢复区(R)、采矿区(M)土壤和尾砂(W)对锰超富集植物木荷(Schima superba)的生长、锰的吸收及生理的影响。结果表明,从CK~W处理,木荷根茎叶中Mn含量依次增加,木荷的株高和株重随锰处理浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,表明一定浓度的锰能促进木荷的生长,增加木荷的生物量。植株Mn含量的增加引起了木荷生理特征的变化,显著增加了叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)及氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性(P0.05),降低了叶片中铵态氮的累积(P0.05),抑制了谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)的活性(P0.05),在R和M处理时NR、GDH活性最高,分别为对照的2.15和1.34倍,在W处理时GS、GOGAT分别比对照降低了66.1%、43.1%;硝态氮在U处理时达到最大值,从U-W处理呈下降的变化趋势。Mn处理同时还引起了木荷叶片中渗透调节物质的变化,随着Mn处理浓度的增加,游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和还原性糖含量均有不同程度的增加,苹果酸含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势,表明为了适应锰胁迫,木荷可通过改变渗透调节物质的含量来维持体内的渗透压和正常生理功能。     

浅谈我国水生生物监测技术规范的修订

根据全国实现生物监测基本任务以及有效服务于环境管理的需要,剖析了我国水生生物监测技术规范的局限性,提出调整和完善监测项目及指标,调整监测频率,改进监测方法等若干修订意见建议对一份样品或一个试验,同时测定包括分子、细胞、器官、个体、种群乃至生态系统水平的多项指标,特别应注意增加分子生态毒理学方面指标,以突出生物监测的早期预报作用。     

全面系统完善我国生态文明党内法规体系

生态文明党内法规是中国特色社会主义法治体系的重要组成部分。党的十八大以来,随着生态文明写入党章,生态文明专门党内法规及相关党内法规对生态文明的规定得到丰富和发展。但由于建设时间短,加上我国正处于经济社会发展的转型期,生态文明党内法规体系建设存在相关党内法规制定的规范性和权限的明确性不够、法规的系统性和体系的层次性不够、条文的清晰性和规范的可操作性不够、适用的涵盖性和内外的衔接性不够等问题。为此本文建议：(1)统筹规划,开展生态文明党内法规的系统性和规范性建设;(2)重点建设,分级分领域制修订生态文明建设和改革的专门党内法规;(3)全面融入,将生态文明的建设和改革要求分解到各级各类党内法规中;(4)厘清关系,加强与国家生态环保法律法规的衔接和协调。     

一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺启动过程的亚硝酸盐调控

以两类中试反应器(SBR,116.6 m³,活性污泥法和SBBR,64.8 m³,泥膜法)为对象,接种猪场废水处理厂的活性污泥,通过控制DO、曝气方式为主和外加Na NO₂为辅的亚硝酸盐调控策略,考察不同反应器在启动一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化(combined partial nitritation and ANAMMOX,CPNA)工艺过程中NO₂^--N浓度对ANAMMOX菌的影响.结果表明,在相同运行条件下,泥膜共生的SBBR更适于短程硝化的快速启动.尽管受到NO₂^--N抑制(100～129 mg·L^-1,共计7 d),但SBR在第39 d成功启动了ANAMMOX工艺,其TNRR和TNRE分别为0.069 kg·(m³·d)^-1和23.3%,而长达17 d的NO₂^--N抑制(129～286mg·L^-1...     

Firms' and states’ responses to laxer environmental standards

On June 1, 2017, President Trump announced the United States' withdrawal from the Paris agreement on climate change. Despite this decision, American firms continued investing in low-carbon technologies and some states committed to tougher environmental standards. To understand this apparent paradox, this paper studies how a weakening of environmental standards affects the behavior of profit-maximizing firms. It finds that a relaxation of emission standards (i) may increase firms’ incentives to adopt clean technologies, but not to pollute less; (ii) may negatively affect industry profitability if it is perceived as temporary; and, when this is the case, (iii) the unilateral adoption of stricter standards by large states may increase the expected profitability of every firm.     

Pollution Haven and Corruption Paradise

In this paper, we present a simple theoretical extension from the Economic Geography literature to characterize the main features of pollution havens (lax environmental regulation, good market access to high-income countries and corruption opportunities). Using structural and reduced-form estimations, we find that pollution havens are not a “popular myth” for European firms, laxer environmental standards significantly explain the location choice of polluting affiliates. We analyze in depth the role of trade costs (using various bilateral and multilateral measures), a 1% increase in access to the European market from a pollution haven fosters relocation there by 0.1%. We also find that corruption lowers environmental standards, which strongly attract polluting firms: a 1% increase of corruption fuels relocation by 0.28%. We test the economic significance of these empirical findings via simulations. The protection of the European market (e.g., a carbon tax on imports) to stop relocations to pollution havens must be high (a decrease of the European market for Morocco and Tunisia equivalent to 13%) not to say prohibitive (31% for China).     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.