Dynamics of bacterial communities during a seasonal hypoxia at the Bohai Sea: Coupling and response between abundant and rare populations

Marine bacterial community plays a vital role in the formation of the hypoxia zone in coastal oceans. Yet, their dynamics in the seasonal hypoxia zone of the Bohai Sea(BHS) are barely studied. Here, the 16S r RNA gene-based high-throughput sequencing was used to explore the dynamics of their diversity, structure, and function as well as driving factors during the gradual deoxygenation process in the BHS. Our results evinced that the bacterial community was dominated by Proteobacteria, followed b...     

Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China

A total of 14 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were quantified in river water samples collected from tributaries of the Pearl River (Guangzhou Province, south China) and the Yangtze River (central China). Among the PFCs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the two compounds with the highest concentrations. PFOS concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 99 ng/l and <0.01–14 ng/l in samples from the Pearl River and Yangtze River, respectively; whereas those for PFOA ranged from 0.85 to 13 ng/l and 2.0–260 ng/l. Lower concentrations were measured for perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfoamide (PFOSA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorononaoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA). Concentrations of several perfluorocarboxylic acids, including perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA) and perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFOcDA) were lower than the limits of quantification in all the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of most PFCs were observed in water samples from the Yangtze River near Shanghai, the major industrial and financial centre in China. In addition, sampling locations in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River with a reduced flow rate might serve as a final sink for contaminants from the upstream river runoffs. Generally, PFOS was the dominant PFC found in samples from the Pearl River, while PFOA was the predominant PFC in water from the Yangtze River. Specifically, a considerable amount of PFBS (22.9–26.1% of total PFC analyzed) was measured in water collected near Nanjing, which indicates the presence of potential sources of PFBS in this part of China. Completely different PFC composition profiles were observed for samples from the Pearl River and the Yangtze River. This indicates the presence of dissimilar sources in these two regions.     

船舶柴油机选择性催化还原积碳臭氧直接氧化再生

为解决船舶柴油机SCR催化剂积碳再生问题,提出了臭氧直接氧化再生的方法。实验用玻璃纤维无胶滤筒采集PM,然后在管式炉中用臭氧氧化滤筒中的PM,研究了温度和臭氧浓度对PM氧化的影响。实验表明,臭氧的最佳氧化温度窗口为200~240℃,PM氧化速度随臭氧浓度提高明显加快,PM氧化率可以达到92%以上。根据实验结果,提出了船舶柴油机SCR积碳O3低温再生技术方案。     

三峡水库135 m蓄水前后水体重金属环境健康风险评价

三峡水库135 m蓄水后,水体中各重金属的单因子污染指数和Nemerow综合污染指数均有不同程度的增大,特别是Pb污染应该引起重视.健康风险评价结果表明,成库前后非致癌有毒化学物质(Hg、Pb和Cu)所引起的健康危害的个人年风险为Pb＞Cu＞Hg,致癌物质对人体健康危害的个人年风险均大于非致癌物.各类污染物所致个人平均健康危害成库前后均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准,为可接受水平.     

Occurrence, sources, and inventory of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soils from Chongming Island, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD)

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) is a concern due to their large usage combining with physico-chemical properties and toxicity to wildlife and human. However, very limited data were reported on HBCDs in soils, especially from rural area. In this study, 22 soil samples were collected from Chongming Island at estuary of the Yangtze River Delta, to investigate the level, diasteroisomer profile, potential sources, and mass inventory of HBCDs. The total concentrations ranged from not detected to 93.8 pg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean of 23.3 pg g⁻¹ dw, which was at the low end of the global levels. The wide distribution of HBCDs in soils suggested that the local emissions of HBCD-containing materials and/or the inputs via atmospheric transport from other regions were two possible sources. Variation of HBCDs levels was observed in different types of soils. Woodland, tideland and road soils contained slightly higher HBCDs than those of farmland and grassland. Overall, γ-HBCD was the dominant diasteroisomer in soils, followed by α-HBCD and β-HBCD. Significant but weak correlations were only found between α-HBCD and β-HBCD versus TOC content in soils. Currently, the mass inventory of HBCDs in soils of Chongming Island was 5.3 kg. Based on these data, we gave perspective on human intake of HBCDs via soil ingestion by age. Local resident’s intakes ranged from 15.5 to 97.8 fg kg body weight⁻¹ d⁻¹, in which children are exposed more than adults.     

深圳东部引水水源工程水量水质统一管理的可靠性分析

深圳市东部引水工程，是一项缓解深圳市水资源短缺、促进经济稳定发展、重要跨流域调水工程。工程的管理必须考虑水量、水质、社会经济等多方面的因素，基于水量，水质统一管理的可靠性计算，对工程的可持续发展决策与管理是必需的和有实际意义的，分析传统水资源系统可靠性准则的不足之处，结合工程实际，提出了基于水量、水质统一的水资源系统多准则可靠性评价准则，通过可靠性分析，为深圳东部引水水源工程提供了科学合理的运行管     

Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil

Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil (HFO) were investigated on a test bench, which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships. The chemical compositions, emission factors (EFs) and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated. The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs, with average IVOC EFs of 20.2–201?mg/kg-fuel. The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds. The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel, especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes. The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel. The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO, especially when using fuel-surrogate models.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定水中铅的不确定度评定

对GB/T 7475-1987《水质铜、铅、锌、镉的测定》〔1〕原子吸收分光光度法测定水中铅的测量不确定度进行了评定。通过测量重复性、滴定管、移液管、标准溶液浓度等影响测量结果的不确定度分量的分析和量化,求得水中铅测定结果的相对合成标准不确定度。     

Triton X-100对土壤中柴油的解吸特征及影响因素

为考察非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100对土壤中柴油解吸特性及土壤理化性质对其解吸的影响,通过振荡平衡法研究Triton X-100对浙江水稻土、重庆紫壤、江西红壤、海南沙土、青海灰漠土和黑龙江黑土中柴油解吸行为及其影响因素.结果表明,Triton X-100对浙江水稻土、重庆紫壤、江西红壤、海南沙土、青海灰漠土和黑龙江黑土中柴油的解吸均符合先快后慢、最后达到解吸平衡的规律,平衡时解吸量分别1.61、1.85、1.80、2.29、2.01和1.13 mg/g.其解吸动力学过程均符合准二级动力学模型（R2>0.99）;6种典型土壤中柴油的等温解吸特征可较好地用修正的米氏方程模型进行描述（R2>0.92）.Q_max（柴油最大解吸量）介于1.81~2.23 mg/g之间,浙江水稻土、重庆紫壤、江西红壤、海南沙土、青海灰漠土和黑龙江黑土中ρ_max（柴油最大解吸率）分别为73.20%、78.06%、75.63%、90.36%、79.89%和62.92%;土壤各理化性质对Triton X-100解吸土壤中柴油的影响起综合作用,其中土壤w（砂粒）与ρ_max呈显著正相关（R2=0.993 6,P < 0.01）,对Triton X-100解吸柴油的影响最大;而CEC（阳离子交换量）、w（OM）、w（黏粒）均与ρ_max呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）.研究显示,修正的米氏方程可用于描述柴油在土壤-水-表面活性剂Triton X-100系统中的解吸行为,w（砂粒）是影响不同土壤中柴油解吸的关键因子,可为应用Triton X-100修复柴油污染土壤提供理论基础.      

混燃甲醇和乙醇改善柴油机碳烟排放

以柴油机为基础，以乙醇或甲醇作为预混合燃料，与喷入的柴油组成部分预混的复合燃烧，大幅度降低了发动机排气烟度，同时使氮氧化物排放得到一定改善，发动机的燃油消耗率优于原柴油机，而HC排放，尤其是在低负荷时有所增加，甲醇比乙醇具有降低烟度效果更好、氮氧化物降低更多和HC及CO排入增加较少的优越性。