《京都议定书》生效给林区经济发展带来新机遇——碳汇的利用途径与前景

<京都议定书>生效.它的实质是保护人类生存环境和地球生态平衡.清洁发展机制CDM是在<京都议定书>中建立的一个国际合作机制,清洁发展机制造林、再造林项目是利用森林的固碳生态功能,削减部分大气中CO2含量,研究CDM机制对于发展林区经济可持续发展具有重要意义.     

地震减灾体系中的区域联防问题

地震灾害是我国主要的自然灾害之一。现阶段,减轻地震灾害的主要途径是在努力提高地震监测预报水平的基础上,发挥政府、社会和地震科技队伍三方面的作用,坚持以预防为主,建立地震减灾工作体系,走综合减灾的道路。行使政府职能是地震减灾工作体系的中心环节,职能的行使以一级政府的行政管辖范围为“边界”。但我国大陆地区已发生的大震和当前的重点监视防御区多分布于二省、三省或更多省市交界地区。突破行政区划,在地震活动区、危险区周围协调地开展监测、预报、宣传、防御工作是当前进行防震减灾战略布局所必需。地震科学发展的“跨”行政区划和政府行政职能的严格区划性的尖锐矛盾,有必要提出地震减灾中的区域联防问题,本文是有关这个问题的分析与建议。     

Deep Ethology, Animal Rights, and the Great Ape/Animal Project: Resisting Speciesism and Expanding the Community of Equals

In this essay I argue that the evolutionary and comparative study of nonhuman animal (hereafter animal) cognition in a wide range of taxa by cognitive ethologists can readily inform discussions about animal protection and animal rights. However, while it is clear that there is a link between animal cognitive abilities and animal pain and suffering, I agree with Jeremy Bentham who claimed long ago the real question does not deal with whether individuals can think or reason but rather with whether or not individuals can suffer. One of my major goals will be to make the case that the time has come to expand. The Great Ape Project (GAP) to The Great Ape/Animal Project (GA/AP) and to take seriously the moral status and rights of all animals by presupposing that all individuals should be admitted into the Community of Equals. I also argue that individuals count and that it is essential to avoid being speciesist cognitivists; it really doesn't matter whether ‘dogs ape’ or whether ‘apes dog’ when taking into account the worlds of different individual animals. Narrow-minded primatocentrism and speciesism must be resisted in our studies of animal cognition and animal protection and rights. Line-drawing into ‘lower’ and ‘higher’ species is a misleading speciesist practice that should be vigorously resisted because not only is line-drawing bad biology but also because it can have disastrous consequences for how animals are viewed and treated. Speciesist line-drawing also ignores within species individual differences. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

评定环境工程中标方案的AHP模型及应用

建立了评定环境工程中标方案的层次分析模型（以下简称ＡＨＰ）。对定性因素按１￣９标度构造判断矩阵；对定量因素则采用一定的数学变换，将量化值转化为判断矩阵。ＡＨＰ方法已成功地应用于某废水治理工程项目的评标工作。     

李家河水库上游水体溶解性有机物组分与来源

以李家河水库上游水体为研究对象,运用三维荧光光谱法解析水体溶解性有机物（DOM）的来源和特性,并探讨了DOM组分干湿季变化特征及影响因素.结果表明,李家河水库上游水体DOM由3个荧光组分组成,分别为类络氨酸（220nm,270nm/300nm）、UVA类腐殖质（250nm/430nm）和类色氨酸（225nm,280nm/335nm）,其中类络氨酸为主要组分,但其含量干湿季变化不大,而UVA类腐殖质和类色氨酸含量呈现出显著的季节差异.荧光特征指数表明,李家河水库上游水体DOM的来源具有显著的陆源特征,其特征在湿季更加显著.水体DOM各荧光组分在干湿季均与TP呈正相关;在湿季,类络氨酸组分与Chl-a、浊度和COD_Mn呈正相关,而在干季无相关性.UVA类腐殖质与DOC在干湿季均存在正相关关系,且在湿季相关性（P<0.01）大于干季（P<0.05）.类色氨酸与COD_Mn相关性也表现出湿季（P<0.01）大于干季（P<0.05）的特征.     

太原市采暖季PM2.5组分特征及重污染事件分析

针对2017~2018年采暖季太原市PM_2.5及其水溶性离子、碳质组分和无机元素开展在线观测,结合气象数据分析不同污染水平下的组分特征.分析表明,2017~2018年太原市采暖季细颗粒物主要化学成分为SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、OC、EC,且呈现OC>SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > Cl^- > Ca²⁺ > EC的趋势,随污染水平增长最多的是二次无机物;优良、轻度污染和重污染3种污染水平下OC、EC相关系数分别为0.69、0.66、0.55,N/S分别为1.06、1.29、0.93,表明随着污染水平的提高,OC和EC的来源一致性逐步变差,且排放源虽仍处于氮排放源（移动源和工业源）和硫排放源（燃煤源）的共同控制,但硫排放源贡献率显著升高.重污染事件分析表明太原市重污染应对过程中不仅需要加强机动车、工业源等污染源的管控,更需要重点加强燃煤管控.     

四面山大洪湖底泥/水界面汞的迁移转化规律

森林生态系统的汞产量可以用森林湖泊或水库的动态变化来表征.而且,下游汞浓度的变化也可以在一定程度上反映森林生态系统汞的输出.通过对四面山大洪湖上游、中游、下游丰水期与枯水期汞的分布与沉积物剖面的分析发现:大洪湖上覆水中总汞浓度在丰水期显著增加(丰水期平均值4. 33 ng·L~(-1),枯水期1. 85 ng·L~(-1)),在下游尤为明显,其总汞和甲基汞的含量明显高于其他类型湖泊,但小于受到污染的湖泊,说明四面山常绿阔叶林具有一定"汞源"的特征,同时沉积物也是大洪湖上覆水中甲基汞和无机汞的输入源;甲基化过程主要发生在沉积物的表层,丰水期时甲基化过程更活跃;在丰水期时,更有利于汞和甲基汞从沉积物固相进入沉积物液相,从而进入上覆水中.     

洱海西部雨季地表径流氮磷污染特征及受土地利用类型的影响

云南高原平坝区地表径流是湖泊氮、磷的主要来源之一.为研究高原平坝区雨季地表径流氮、磷污染特征及受土地利用类型的影响,调查了洱海西部平坝区雨季的径流氮、磷形态特征,并结合遥感影像空间分析与SPSS等统计分析,从汇水区尺度和缓冲区尺度上研究土地利用类型与地表径流水质的关系.结果表明:①研究区雨季地表径流氮、磷质量浓度较高,ρ（TP）为0.16~0.77 mg/L,且以DIP（溶解性无机磷）为主（63.01%）;ρ（TN）为1.75~14.86 mg/L,且以NO₃--N为主（78.15%）.②汇水区尺度上城镇用地对ρ（TP）影响突出.环湖农村居民点对ρ（NH₄+-N）影响突出,耕地中的高施肥种植区对ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）影响突出;③在缓冲区500、1 000和2 000 m尺度下,随缓冲区距离增加,土地利用类型对地表径流水质的影响减小.研究显示,城镇用地与高施肥种植区对洱海西部雨季地表径流氮、磷质量浓度影响最大,土地利用类型随缓冲区距离增加对水质的影响逐渐减小.      

大气环境热点网格遥感筛选方法研究

为筛选京津冀及周边地区的大气环境热点网格,在卫星遥感反演获取区域灰霾天数、PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂浓度等大气环境四项遥感监测因子的基础上,首先利用分形求和模型确定了研究区域的四项指标的背景值和标准值,然后根据ORAQI计算方式提出一种大气环境遥感综合污染指数,并提取了大气环境热点网格,最后结合高分辨率卫星数据对热点网格的工业用地情况进行初步探讨分析.结果表明,2016年京津冀及周边地区各项大气污染物的局部分布特征表现出较大差异,不同地区的主要污染物不尽相同并且呈多项污染物复合污染的特征,利用分形统计模型确定灰霾天数、PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂浓度的背景值分别为10.7d、57.5μg/m³、515.7×10¹³mole/cm²和0.29DU,标准值分别为22.2d、112.2μg/m³、2073.1×10¹³mole/cm²和0.64DU.大气环境遥感综合污染指数表明大气环境综合污染相对最重的地区主要分布在保定中部、石家庄中北部及邢台南部和邯郸北部交界处,该区域共筛选出1782个大气环境热点网格,其中工业用地面积占比较低的网格单元比例相对较大,这表明小型企业生产排放对当地的大气环境质量影响较大.     

Analysis of the influencing factors of PAEs volatilization from typical plastic products

The primary emphasis of this research was to investigate the foundations of phthalate(PAEs) pollutant source researches and then firstly confirmed the concept of the coefficient of volatile strength, namely phthalate total content in per unit mass and unit surface area of pollutant sources. Through surveying and evaluating the coefficient of volatile strength of PAEs from typical plastic products, this research carried out reasonable classification of PAEs pollutant sources into three categories and then investigated the relationship amongst the coefficient of volatile strength as well as other environmental factors and the concentration level of total PAEs in indoor air measured in environment chambers.Research obtained phthalate concentration results under different temperature, humidity,the coefficient of volatile strength and the closed time through the chamber experiment. In addition, this study further explored the correlation and ratio of influencing factors that affect the concentration level of total PAEs in environment chambers, including environmental factors, the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs and contents of total PAEs in plastic products. The research created an improved database system of phthalate the coefficient of volatile strengths of each type of plastic goods, and tentatively revealed that the volatile patterns of PAEs from different typical plastic goods, finally confirmed that the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs is a major factor that affects the indoor air total PAEs concentration, which laid a solid foundation for further establishing the volatile equation of PAEs from plastic products.