钻屑法测定煤层H_2S含量

为了测定煤层硫化氢(H2S)含量,防治矿井H2S涌出,提出一种通过钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量的方法。在未受采动影响的新鲜煤壁,采用钻屑法取样,通过测定煤样H2S解吸量、取样过程损失量和H2S残存量确定煤层H2S含量。根据溶于水中H2S的p H值和色谱分析解吸气体中H2S体积分数,确定H2S解吸量;根据煤样解吸规律和气样H2S体积分数,确定H2S损失量;根据色谱分析残存气体中H2S体积分数,确定其残存量。用此方法,对山西某矿H2S涌出煤层进行现场和实验室测定。研究表明,该矿H2S含量为(4.465~6.701)×10-3m3/t。钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量是可行的,可以为矿井H2S治理提供基础数据。     

Alternative method to prevent thermal runaway in case of error on operating conditions continuous reactor

Thermal runaway was studied in a continuous tubular pilot reactor under steady-state regime. Different accident scenarii were conducted by making some errors on reactant concentrations and/or temperature feed. To prevent thermal runaway, control by direct contact by solvent injection was used at different reactor locations. This injection allowed controlling the maximum reaction temperature. A simplified analytical method to estimate the maximum reaction temperature along the reactor was used.Benefit of this control method was the diminution of computational time. Furthermore, by injecting solvent to control maximum reaction temperature, there is no need to shut down the unit. The control method was validated experimentally.     

粉末活性污泥处理含铀废水的特性

以生活污水处理厂剩余活性污泥为原料,制备粉末活性污泥(PAS)作为生物吸附剂,考察p H值,PAS投加量,U(Ⅵ)初始浓度和吸附时间对PAS吸附U(Ⅵ)的影响,探讨了PAS吸附U(Ⅵ)的作用机理。实验结果表明,在U(Ⅵ)初始浓度为10 mg/L时,其最佳吸附p H值为3,去除率97.77%,吸附平衡时间120 min;吸附过程较好地拟合了准二级动力学模型(R2≈1)和Freundlich等温模型(R2≈1);X射线能谱和离子交换实验分析表明,离子交换为其主要吸附方式,参与交换的主要离子为Ca2+;红外光谱分析表明,PAS吸附U(Ⅵ)后自身结构未发生改变。以0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液作为解吸液,初次解吸率达92.83%,循环利用3次仍具有较好的吸附效果。     

基于层次分析法的热塑性聚氨酯及其纳米复合材料火灾危险性综合评价

聚合物的火灾危险性与热、烟、毒的释放密切相关,但采用不同指标对材料的评价结果不一致。以纳米级蒙脱土(MMT)、氢氧化铝(ATH)和聚磷酸铵(APP)为添加剂的热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)纳米复合材料为研究对象,选取其在静态管式炉、稳态管式炉和锥形量热仪中的相关实验数据,以HCN总浓度作为特殊毒性危害指标,CO和CO_2浓度为一般毒性危害指标,以热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率、总热释放量为热危害指标,以产烟速率峰值、生烟总量为烟危害指标。进一步细分了火灾烟气中不同毒性气体对于火灾风险的影响,并运用层次分析法计算指标权重,综合评价了热塑性聚氨酯及其复合材料的火灾危险性。结果表明,当添加量为6 wt%聚磷酸铵、3 wt%氢氧化铝与3 wt%蒙脱土时,此时复合材料的火灾危险最低,证明了综合热、烟、毒三个层次来降低聚合物材料火灾危险性是可行的。     

Ignition temperatures of dust layers and bulk storages in hot environments

In many industrial installations, particulate solids (cereals, agri-food products, coal, plants, etc.) are stored or processed. Self-heating of these products, which can lead to fires and explosions, can occur in a variety of situations. Examples include large storage at room temperature, formation of a layer on a hot surface, layer deposited on a surface – insulating or conductive – in a hot environment or even storage of product exposed to heating on one side.The main parameters that determine the occurrence of self-heating are the size of the container, the temperature, the residence time and the characteristics of the product. Depending on the type of situation encountered and these implementation conditions, the analysis of self-heating risks must be based on specific models and/or parameters.This paper presents the different variants and combinations of the theoretical model from the theory of thermal runaway to represent self-heating, taking into account in particular the symmetry or asymmetry of heating, reagent consumption and boundary conditions. It also discusses their adaptation to the previous identified industrial situations.Nine products were chosen to be representative of those used in the different considered industrial situations. They were subjected to self-heating basket tests in isothermal ovens in order to determine the parameters for applying the described theoretical models. These results were compared with the results of self-heating tests in layers of different thicknesses in a hot environment, on an insulating or conductive plate, using a specially developed test protocol, as well as with the results of standardized tests of minimum ignition temperature in 5 mm layers.This led to the proposal of the most appropriate theoretical model to represent the self-heating phenomenon for each of the four identified industrial situations.This analysis can promote better design of industrial equipment and production conditions (temperatures, volumes or product flows …) in order to prevent fires and explosions.     

用热分析法研究鼎湖山土壤的粘粒矿物

广东鼎湖山自然保护区的土壤主要为山地黄壤和赤红壤。本文用差热-热重-微商热重(DTA-TG-DTG)联合热分析法,对两种土壤的粘粒矿物进行了初步研究,确认两种土壤的粘粒矿物组成主要为伊利石、高岭石、三水铝石、蛭石、针铁矿等。伊利石、三水铝石、蛭石的含量山地黄壤多于赤红壤,而高岭石则相反。两种土壤的风化程度不高,土壤矿物风化主要处于幼年阶段,山地黄壤尤其明显。另外,对不同林型下的赤红壤也进行了对比研究,其粘粒矿物组成和数量差异不大。     

单甲脒在水生生物中的积累和释放

本文朱生环境中对单甲脒在鱼和藻类中的积累释放及鱼体中的ＢＣＦ值进行了研究，结果表明，鱼体在３，５，６ｄ的ＢＣＦ值分别为３．５３，４．７３及５．２９，鱼体中单米积累为内脏〉锶〉肌肉，饲养７ｄ达积累最高量；藻类在６ｈ后达积累最高量；单甲脒在水藻和鱼（内脏）的富集比分别为１：３及１：１２。     

黄泥土微团聚体颗粒组对Cu2+的吸附与解吸研究

采用低能量超声波分散和冷冻机干燥法提取太湖地区黄泥土不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组样品,用平衡液吸附法和CaCl2与HCl溶液的连续解吸法研究原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组对重金属Cu2 的吸附和解吸特征。结果表明,对于Cu2 的吸附,原土用Langmuir方程拟合最佳,而不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组用Freundlich方程拟合最佳。原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组吸附量大小顺序为粘粒级>砂粒级>原土>粉砂级>粗粉砂级,这与其游离氧化铁和有机质含量呈显著正相关。原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组对Cu2 的专性吸附质量分数随吸附量增加而减少,而非专性吸附质量分数则相反。不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组吸附总量小于原土,所以传统风干磨细的研究方法可能高估了土壤对铜固持能力。     

超临界流体萃取在研究土壤和沉积物结合态残留中的应用

许多有机污染物在土壤和沉积物中形成持久稳定的结合态残留；结合态残留对土壤和沉积物的解毒过程、污染物长期分配行为、生物可用性和生物毒性都具有重要影响。为了揭示结合态残留的形成机制及其对污染物环境行为和毒理学参数的影响，从土壤或沉积物中提取出不同结合状态的有机污染物就显得非常重要。超临界流体萃取(SFE)可以实现选择性萃取，从而得到有关污染物一基体间相互作用的信息。文章介绍了SFE应用类型、超临界流体种类以及影响SFE萃取率的因素，对SFE模拟有机污染物长期吸附／解吸行为和生物可用性研究进行了论述，并认为SFE势必发展成为土壤或沉积物中结合态残留形成机理研究、土壤修复和生态风险评价的一种强有力的技术。     

A very simple yet accurate solution to the thermal explosion problem

A very simple solution to the thermal explosion problem for one-dimensional solids is presented. The solution produces analytical expressions for the criticality condition. Two different solutions are used. One solution gives higher answers than those known from exact solutions and the second solution gives lower answers. This allows bracketing the expected answer with a determined tolerance. The results obtained compare quite favorably with those obtained from known exact numerical solutions. This allows the utilization of the present method for many a practical problem with an acceptable tolerances.