椭圆小球藻对汞的吸附-解吸探究

以椭圆小球藻（Chlorella ellipsoidea）为试验藻种,探究黑暗环境中活藻、死藻在不同条件下对水中汞的吸附-解吸特征、动力学过程和等温吸附模型。结果表明,椭圆小球藻在弱酸性或中性（pH=3～8）水环境中对汞的吸附能力最强,吸附总量随藻浓度的增加而增加,单位吸附量随藻浓度增加而降低,最佳吸附丰度约为3.2×10⁶ cells/mL,其中活藻处理对汞的最大吸附率为71.2%,死藻处理的最大吸附率为62.9%。椭圆小球藻对汞的吸附主要分为生物吸附和生物富集吸附两个阶段,其中死藻细胞主要以生物吸附为主,活藻细胞除了具备生物吸附以外还可进行生物富集吸附,藻细胞生物富集汞的能力与藻丰度和环境中汞浓度有关。二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型可较好地描述椭圆小球藻对汞的吸附过程。在解吸汞的过程中,椭圆小球藻死藻解吸能力更强,活藻在解吸过程中伴随着生物富集,1 440 min后死藻和活藻均可达到解吸平衡。     

秸秆焚烧物对黄土吸附五氯酚的影响研究

为研究添加秸秆焚烧物对黄土吸附环境激素的影响,以五氯酚（PCP）为目标污染物,采用批量实验法研究了PCP在黄土与添加秸秆焚烧物黄土上的吸附动力学、吸附热力学以及初始浓度、离子强度、粒径、pH值等影响因素.结果表明：添加秸秆焚烧物促进黄土对PCP的吸附,黄土与添加秸秆焚烧物黄土的动力学均较好的符合准二级动力学模型;其热力学吸附过程均更符合Freundlich吸附模型,且吸附等温线符合C-型;温度在25~45℃时,PCP在黄土与添加秸秆焚烧物黄土上的吸附平均自由能（E）小于8kJ/mol,说明其对PCP的吸附主要以物理吸附为主;PCP的吉布斯自由能ΔG^θ、焓变ΔH^θ和熵变ΔS^θ均小于0,表明该吸附属于自发放热且混乱度减小的过程;当pH值在3~7范围内时,PCP的吸附量随pH值升高而逐渐减小,而pH值在7~10范围内时,其吸附量逐渐增大;黄土对PCP的吸附量随其粒径的减小而增大;离子相同时,其浓度越高越有利于PCP的吸附;离子浓度相同时,黄土对PCP的吸附量随其价态的升高而增加.     

三种萘系物在改性泥炭上的低温吸附与解吸特性

研究了柴油污染场地地下水中3种典型多环芳烃污染物萘、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘在改性泥炭上的吸附与解吸行为。结果表明:10℃低温条件下,Freundlich模型能够较好的描述萘、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘在改性泥炭上吸附与解吸行为,并呈现明显的非线性特征。萘系物Koc、Kf大小顺序为2-甲基萘>1-甲基萘>萘,且均随着污染物Kow增大而增大;萘系物在改性泥炭上均存在明显解吸滞后现象(HI>0.21),解吸滞后程度大小顺序为2-甲基萘>1-甲基萘>萘。研究结果表明:随着萘环上甲基数量增加或α、β碳位序变化,萘系物在泥炭上分配及吸附能力变大,相应,解吸速率降低,解吸滞后程度变大。     

Thermal runaway reaction for highly exothermic material in safe storage temperature

Highly exothermic materials have caused many serious accidents involving storage and transportation, due to being thermally reactive. The safe storage and management of these materials is still a critical problem in many countries. Our aim was to study the thermal hazard of thermal reactive materials, such as a propellant, by employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) non-isothermal tests and isothermal tests, and then comparing the kinetic parameters by isothermal and non-isothermal of kinetics. The chosen approach was to obtain reliable thermal decomposition by a safe and effective method, which acquired the kinetic and safety parameters of storage conditions that could be applied as highly exothermic materials' reduction of loss prevention and energy potential for safer design during storage transport and processing operations.     

Explosibility,flammability and the thermal decomposition of Bisphenol A,the main component of epoxy resin

Bisphenol A is one of the basic compounds used in a synthesis of polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Its dust can create an explosive mixture with air under specific circumstances. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine explosion characteristics and flammability behaviour of this compound. The complete flammability characteristic requires the determination of the basic parameters of Bisphenol A under fire conditions including Heat Release Rate, speed of combustion, ability to ignite and the temperature of the decomposition range. To establish those parameters, a cone calorimeter was used. The explosion characteristics were tested in a 20-L spherical vessel. Minimum Ignition Energy was tested on MINOR II Apparatus which is a modified Hartman's Tube. In order to identify hazardous substances generated during a fire involving Bisphenol A, a simultaneous thermal analysis that combines thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry was used. The substances obtained from the thermal degradation were analyzed by infrared spectroscope with Fourier transformation. Furthermore, the application of a Purser furnace and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry facilitated the identification of gaseous substances formed during the thermal degradation of Bisphenol A samples.     

Analysis of the relation between the cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin content and the thermal behavior of residual biomass from olive trees

The heterogeneity of biomass makes it difficult if not impossible to make sweeping generalizations concerning thermochemical treatment systems and the optimal equipment to be used in them. Chemical differences in the structural components of the biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) have a direct impact on its chemical reactivity. The aim of this research was to study the influence of the organic components of the raw material from olive trees (leaves, pruning residues, and wood) in the combustion behavior of this biomass, as well as to find the component responsible for the higher ash content of olive leaves. Accordingly, the study used a thermogravimetric analyzer to monitor the different states and complex transitions that occurred in the biomass as the temperature varied. The decomposition rates of the different samples were analyzed in order to establish a link between each combustion phase and the composition of the raw materials. Two methods were used to determine the hemicellulose and cellulose contents of biomass from olive trees. Significant differences among the results obtained by the different methods were observed, as well as important variations regarding the chemical composition and consequently the thermal behavior of the raw materials tested.     

细水雾幕衰减热辐射的数值模拟研究

针对现有防火分隔技术的不足,以细水雾幕作为新的防火分隔技术,开展了不同细水雾幕雾特性对衰减热辐射影响的数值模拟研究。通过建立长通道模型,在火源和被保护物体中间设置细水雾幕系统,测量有无细水雾幕及不同细水雾特性条件下被保护侧温度及热辐射强度值,来定性定量研究细水雾幕衰减热辐射的效率。模拟结果表明:细水雾幕可以很好的降低被保护侧空间的温度和热辐射强度;衰减热辐射效率随雾滴粒径的减小,喷雾流量的增大,喷头排数增加而增大;另外,其衰减热辐射效率与喷头布置方式有关,上喷方式明显优于下喷方式。研究结果将对现有防火分隔技术的改善提供帮助和技术支持。     

黑碳对土壤中农药呋喃丹吸附与解吸行为的影响

为了考察黑碳对土壤中呋喃丹吸附与解吸行为的影响,选取小麦秸秆,分别在250℃、450℃和850℃下制备黑碳,测定了黑碳的比表面积和孔体积;采用批处理振荡法测定了呋喃丹在人工添加黑碳土壤中的吸附-解吸行为.结果表明,随制备温度升高,黑碳的比表面积、孔体积和微孔率增大;人工添加黑碳的土壤对呋喃丹的吸附容量和吸附强度随黑碳添加量增加而逐步增加,吸附和解吸等温线的非线性也逐步明显.添加高温制备黑碳的土壤比添加低温制备黑碳的土壤吸附容量、吸附和解吸的非线性均增加.吸附农药的解吸迟滞作用与土壤中黑碳的质量分数密切相关,添加高温制备黑碳的土壤解吸迟滞现象明显.因此,土壤中添加黑碳在一定程度上保证了土壤使用的安全性.     

Mathematical methods for application of experimental adiabatic data – An update and extension

The paper represents some results of comparative analysis of the methods used for processing and interpreting data of adiabatic calorimetry as well as applying it to practical situations. Specifically two approaches are compared – approximate method based on evaluation of simplified kinetics and a more comprehensive, simulation-based method that utilizes the evaluation of more detailed kinetic models.The analysis is focused on two important types of data processing – correction of experimental results on thermal inertia (phi-factor correction) and estimation of adiabatic time to maximum rate (TMR).The most widely cited method for phi-factor correction is considered and its improvement is proposed to enable more precise prediction of the adiabatic time scale. A procedure for phi-factor correction of pressure response is also proposed. The limitations of this enhanced Fisher's method are discussed by comparison with simulation-based method. All the illustrative materials are based on real examples.As an example of application, the simplified method will be used to predict TMR and its limitations will be discussed.     

Phosphate removal from domestic wastewater using thermally modified steel slag

This study was performed to investigate the removal of phosphate from domestic wastewater using a modified steel slag as the adsorbent. The adsorption effects of alkalinity, salt, water,and thermal modification were investigated. The results showed that thermal activation at 800℃ for 1 hr was the optimum operation to improve the adsorption capacity. The adsorption process of the thermally modified slag was well described by the Elovich kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model reached 13.62 mg/g. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the modified slag was cracked and that the texture became loose after heating. The surface area and pore volume did not change after thermal modification. In the treatment of domestic wastewater, the modified slag bed(35.5 kg) removed phosphate effectively and operated for 158 days until the effluent P rose above the limit concentration of 0.5 mg/L. The phosphate fractionation method, which is often applied in soil research, was used to analyze the phosphate adsorption behavior in the slag bed. The analysis revealed that the total contents of various Ca–P forms accounted for 81.4%–91.1%, i.e., Ca10–P 50.6%–65.1%, Ca8–P 17.8%–25.0%,and Ca2–P 4.66%–9.20%. The forms of Al–P, Fe–P, and O–P accounted for only 8.9%–18.6%. The formation of Ca10–P precipitates was considered to be the main mechanism of phosphate removal in the thermally modified slag bed.