Soil-Water Partitioning and Desorption Hysteresis of Volatile Organic Compounds from a Louisiana Superfund Site Soil

The adsorption and desorption of three volatile organic compounds (1,2- dichloroethane, 1,1,2- trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane) from a previously uncontaminated clayey soil sample from a Superfund site in North Baton Rouge,Louisiana was studied. In the linear range of the adsorption isotherm, the partition constants were not affected by the presence of the co-solutes. The adsorption isotherms over a wide concentration range on the soil followed the nonlinearFreundlich isotherm. The desorption of the compounds showedsignificant hysteresis at all concentrations studied. Approximately 20 to 70% of the adsorbed mass of organic compounds resisted the desorption even after five months ofsuccessive desorption steps. The desorption of four compounds(1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzeneand hexachlorobutadiene) from a contaminated soil sample fromthe same site was also studied. The aqueous concentration declined as the successive desorption steps progressed. For hexachlorobutediene the desorption can be visualized as occurring in two stages. The first stage involved a loosely bound or reversible fraction and the second stage involveda tightly bound or resistant fraction.     

Role of NO and SO2 in mercury oxidation over a La2O3/Fe2O3 catalyst with high thermal stability

In this study, the thermal stability of a ferric oxide catalyst for mercury oxidation was found to be considerably promoted by doping with La₂O₃. The catalysts doped with La₂O₃ maintained a higher surface area when subjected to high-temperature calcination, with lower average pore size and a narrower pore size distribution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that La₂O₃ doping hinders the growth of catalyst particles and crystallization of the material at high temperatures. Both NO and SO₂ inhibited Hg⁰ oxidation over the La₂O₃/Fe₂O₃ catalyst. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed that SO₂ reacts with O₂ over the catalysts to form several species that are inert for mercury oxidation, such as SO₄^2?, HSO₄^?, or other related species; these inert species cover the catalyst surface and consequently decrease Hg⁰ oxidation capacity. In addition, NO or SO₂ competed with Hg⁰ for active sites on the La₂O₃/Fe₂O₃ catalyst and hindered the adsorption of mercury, thereby inhibiting subsequent Hg⁰ oxidation. Hg⁰ oxidation on the La₂O₃/Fe₂O₃ catalyst mainly followed the Eley–Rideal mechanism. Moreover, the inhibition effects of NO and SO₂ were at least partially reversible, and the catalytic activity was temporarily restored after eliminating NO or SO₂.     

羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附作用研究

通过吸附实验考察了羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附作用,结果表明羟基磷灰石对水中的刚果红具备良好的吸附效果.准二级动力学模型适合描述羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附动力学过程.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型可以用于描述羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附平衡数据.羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附是自发和放热的过程.当pH超过8时,羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附能力随pH的增加而明显降低.吸附了刚果红的羟基磷灰石经过热再生后可以循环使用,并且热再生后的羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附性能良好.当pH低于羟基磷灰石的零电荷点时,磷灰石吸附水中刚果红的机制是静电吸引、氢键和路易斯酸碱反应;当pH高于羟基磷灰石的零电荷点时,羟基磷灰石吸附水中刚果红的机制是氢键和路易斯酸碱反应.上述结果表明,羟基磷灰石适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的刚果红.     

酸度对好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附含铅废水影响的研究

为了有效地控制铅污染,利用序批式反应器（sequencing batch reactor,SBR）培养的以醋酸钠为碳源的好氧颗粒污泥作为吸附剂,进行生物吸附含铅废水的效能和机理的研究。通过考察酸度、接触时间和Pb²⁺初始浓度等因素的影响,验证好氧颗粒污泥吸附模型,并利用不同的脱附剂,进一步解析其生物吸附的Pb²⁺。实验结果表明, 酸度是影响好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的关键因素,当初始pH为5时,好氧颗粒污泥对含铅废水生物吸附效果最好。对低浓度（0～20 mg/L）含铅废水, 10 min后可快速达到吸附平衡。好氧颗粒污泥对Pb²⁺的实测饱和吸附量为101.97±9.00 mg/g,符合朗缪尔（Langmuir）模型。好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的过程,伴随着pH值的升高和K⁺、 Ca²⁺、 Mg²⁺的释放,此现象揭示离子交换作用是好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的机理之一。此外,脱附剂HNO₃、EDTA和CaCl₂能实现Pb²⁺的回收和好氧颗粒污泥的重复利用。     

土壤有机质对铊在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响

研究了土壤有机质对Tl＋在红壤和黄土2种土壤中的吸附-解吸行为的影响。结果表明,去除土壤有机质后红壤和黄土对Tl＋的吸附量均明显下降,下降幅度最高分别达到24.7%和28.2%,黄土的下降幅度大于红壤;黄土对Tl＋吸附率最高下降幅度约为20%,也高于红壤的15%。土壤有机质对Tl＋吸附的贡献率平均值分别是黄土39.2%、红壤32.8%。2种土壤对Tl＋的解吸量在去除有机质之后都明显增大,在初始Tl＋浓度较高的情况下,增大幅度明显;并且Tl＋的初始浓度越高,土壤在去有机质前后的解吸率相差就越大,在Tl＋最大处理浓度为20 mg/L时,红壤和黄土的解吸率增加分别达到60.8%和65.5%。     

土壤颗粒级配对镉吸附-解吸规律的影响

利用甘肃金川某地土壤通过批实验进行等温吸附和动力学解吸实验,研究不同颗粒级配的中砂对镉的吸附、解吸特征,并采用Freundlich和一级动力学方程对其吸附解吸方程进行拟合。结果表明,(1)Freundlich和一级动力学方程对该土壤吸附、解吸镉的实验适用;(2)等温吸附实验中4组不同颗粒级配的中砂对镉的吸附性很强,最大平衡吸附量依次为260.667、286.107、299.362和292.232 mg/kg,吸附性能与颗粒级配中的细粒土相对含量大小成正比;(3)4组土壤对镉的解吸在初期2 h内解吸速率均较快,在3 h左右达到吸附-解吸平衡。平衡后4组土样Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的最大解吸量依次为0.752、0.561、0.44和0.54 mg/kg,解吸速率和平衡时最大解吸量均与颗粒级配中细颗粒相对含量密切相关。     

直接进样-热脱附-GC-MS快速测定大气细颗粒物中有机示踪物

建立了直接进样-热脱附-GC-MS快速测定细颗粒物中甾烷类和藿烷类有机示踪物的方法。经实验条件优化,13种目标化合物的线性回归方程的相关系数均在0.990以上,空白加标回收率为81.4%~102.3%,实际样品加标回收率为79.1%~112.9%,相对标准偏差小于13.2%。当采样体积为24 m~3时,各目标化合物的检出限为0.008~0.084 ng/m~3,方法灵敏度高。利用该方法测定了北京城区采暖季和非采暖季PM2.5实际样品,结果表明:各目标物均有检出,且采暖季的甾烷类和藿烷类化合物的总量均明显高于非采暖季。该方法无需复杂的前处理和有机溶剂,操作简便快捷,在颗粒物中非极性化合物的快速检测方面具有很大的应用价值。     

活性炭烟气脱硫技术研究新进展

研制了新型活性炭脱硫剂－脱硫活性碳纤维。研究表明，脱硫活性碳纤维由于含碳量高、比表面积大、微孔丰富、孔径分布窄、有较多适于吸附ＳＯ２的表面官能团，因而吸附能力及吸附、脱附速度显著大于普通活性炭。在相同工艺条件下，脱硫活性碳纤维吸附容量为粒状疾性炭的４－５倍，空速粒达活性炭的１０倍。采用活性碳纤维脱硫可比普通活性碳脱硫剂用量成倍减少。另外，由于活性碳纤维阻力小，系统能耗可显著降低。活性碳烟气脱硫采用     

二硫化铁(FeS2)纳米颗粒对聚苯乙烯(PS)热稳定性和燃烧性能的影响

采用熔融共混法制备聚苯乙烯(PS)/二硫化铁(FeS2)纳米复合材料研究FeS2对PS热稳定性和燃烧性能的影响。扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明FeS2能够很好地分散在PS基体中。热重分析(TGA)的数据显示,FeS2可以显著地提高残余炭量。锥形量热仪(CONE)结果表明,FeS2可以改变PS的分解,从而在复合材料的表面上形成炭层,导致燃烧和烟气方面的参数有效降低,如热释放速率(HRR)、总热释放(THR)、烟释放率(SPR)、烟释放总量(TSR)、平均质量损失速率(AMLR)和平均烟消光面积(ASEA)等。此外,极限氧指数也得到了提高。拉曼(LRS)的结果证实了残余炭中有石墨碳的存在,热降解过程中石墨碳的形成有利于对热扩散的抑制,从而改善了PS的热稳定和燃烧性能。     

程序升温微波辐照法解吸活性炭上吸附的甲苯

利用微波辐照作为加热手段,采用程序升温的方法对活性炭上吸附的甲苯进行解吸。程序升温条件为：初始温度及升温幅度为100℃,每个温度点保持10min,终温500℃保持5min。实验结果表明,程序升温解吸45min,甲苯解吸率达91％。程序升温和400℃恒温微波辐照解吸两种方法对比发现,甲苯解吸率达90％的时间基本相当,但程序升温解吸的能量消耗更小,能量利用率更高。