天然土壤中菲的解吸行为特征研究

选取天然土壤样品,以菲作为代表性污染物,利用批量吸附-解吸实验考察不同初始浓度、不同吸附时间条件下菲解吸行为的滞后性特征.实验数据采用Freundlich方程式拟合,并由基于热力学的TII指数表征.结果表明,天然土壤吸持菲的比例随其初始浓度的增加而减少.在土壤多次解吸过程中,每次释放菲的比例随其初始浓度的升高而增加,随解吸次数的增加而减少.吸附过程的拟合指数n大于解吸过程的对应值,并随初始固相浓度的加大而增加.天然土壤吸附-解吸过程的滞后性特征表现为初始固相浓度越高,TII值越接近0,滞后性越弱;反之,则TII值越接近1,滞后性越强.另外,吸附平衡时间30 d对应的n值小于5 d的,而两者的TII值随初始浓度增高则呈现降低趋势.就同一浓度而言,吸附平衡30 d所对应的TII值高于5 d的.     

表面活性剂Tween80及DOM对土壤中菲、芘解吸的影响

采用室内序批试验研究了水溶性有机物（DOM）及表面活性剂Tween80对污染土壤中菲、芘解吸行为的影响.结果表明,DOM能够增加土壤中菲、芘的解吸率,且猪粪堆肥的DOM作用效果较好;随着体系中Tween80浓度的增加,土壤中菲、芘的解吸率也明显地增加,当Tween80浓度为150 mg·L^-1时,菲、芘的解吸率分别是对照的1.7倍（菲）和6.2倍（芘）;DOM与Tween80联合作用时受Tween80浓度的影响,低浓度时联合作用效果不明显,当Tween80为150 mg·L^-1时,菲、芘的解吸率显著增加且大于两者单独作用的结果之和.试验结果还表明,同等条件下高相对分子质量DOM组分（>25000）对土壤中菲、芘的解吸作用大于低相对分子质量DOM组分（<1 000）.     

火电厂烟气脱硝容量的合理性探讨

根据美国20世纪90年代初的电力生产及火电NOx的排放情况,并结合我国的实际情况及控制火电NOx排放的趋势,提出2010年和2020年我国火电NOx排放总量控制目标,预测满足火电NOx控制目标的合理的火电厂烟气脱硝容量.     

基于热像技术的电力变压器热故障的诊断方法

提出了一种基于变压器表面的红外热像对变压器热故障进行在线诊断的方法.根据变压器的表面温度、结构参数、物性参数和环境温度通过建立其传热模型,对变压器内部热故障温度进行反演计算,并与DGA诊断结果进行比较,证明了该方法的可行性,实现了变压器热故障的非接触、在线诊断.     

沉积物和土壤中磷的生物有效性评估新方法

利用自制的氧化铁/醋酸纤维素复合膜(FeO/CAM)发展了一种沉积物和土壤磷的生物有效性评估的新方法. 结果表明:从沉积物和土壤中解吸的生物有效磷(FeO-P)含量随时间增加而增加,至16～20h左右,解吸过程接近平衡;随着土/水比增大而减小,至20～30g/L左右逐渐趋于平缓,且相对标准偏差较小;膜面积为20～30cm²时FeO-P含量差别较小,且相对标准偏差也较小;适当提高振荡频率(一般200r/min左右),有利于促进FeO-P的提取动力学过程.在用于评估水体沉积物和土壤解吸磷的生物有效性方面,FeO/CAM膜克服了氧化铁浸渍滤纸的缺点,易于商品化,具有更好的应用前景.     

Behavior of bromine on the thermal decomposition of paper-based phenolic laminate wastes

We investigated the thermal properties and behavior of bromine on the thermal decomposition of paper-based phenolic laminate wastes containing polybrominated flame retardants. The thermal properties of the phenolic laminate wastes were measured with a thermogravimeter and a conduction-type scanning calorimeter (TG-CSC). The weight loss of the wastes on thermal decomposition was mainly in three phases between 40°C and 600°C. The enthalpy (ΔH) of the thermal decomposition was 104 cal/g. The material balance of the decomposition components was measured with batch-type thermal decomposition equipment. The ratios of carbon residue, liquid, and gas on decomposition at 800°C in a vacuum were 37 wt. %, 48 wt. %, and 15 wt. %, respectively. The bromine contents in the carbon residue and liquid were less than 0.02 wt. % and 10 wt. %, respectively. These results are useful both in the carbonization process of these wastes and in the application of carbon residue as carbon materials. Received: August 11, 2000 / Accepted: March 7, 2001     

Phenol removal from aqueous environments by natural & chemically modified kaolin clay

Natural, acid and base modified kaolin clays were studied for the sake of phenol and 4-chlorophenol removal from aqueous environments and their application to real ground and industrial wastewater samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Surface area analysis were employed for characterization of the adsorbents microstructure. Operating factors such as adsorbent dose, solution pH, initial phenol concentration, and contact time were studied. The experimental data displayed that the increase of the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH value from 2 to 7 increases the efficiency of the removal process. Optimal conditions for phenolic removal were; contact time of 300 min, primary phenol solution of 25 mg/L, pH 7 and 2.5 g/L as an appropriate adsorbent dose using crude (natural), acid modified and base modified kaolin clays. The higher phenolic removal efficiencies were obtained at 5 mg/L as 90, 97, 96.2%, respectively, for the adsorbents in the previously mentioned order. The adsorption capacity in the removal of phenol and 4-chlorophenol were 7.481 and 4.195, 8.2942 and 3.211, and 8.05185 and 18.565 mg/g, respectively, for the adsorbents in the same mentioned order. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted and analyzed with four isotherm models, namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm equations. The adsorption process of phenol on studied adsorbents was exothermic, spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable proved by the negative values of their thermodynamic parameters ΔH° and ΔG°. The correlation coefficient (R²) for all concentrations was higher than 0.94, which indicates that in the studied system, the data suitably fit the first-order kinetics. The % desorption capacity was amounted to 96%, 91.11%, and 87.06% of adsorbed phenol, respectively, for the adsorbents in the previous order using 0.1N NaOH and 10% V/V ethanol solutions as eluents at 25°C, indicating the reusability of the adsorbents. Kaolin and its modified forms can be introduced as eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbents in water remediation implementation.     

工作场所空气中的甲基丙烯酸溶剂解吸气相色谱测定法

为建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸浓度的检测方法,用硅胶管采集工作场所空气中的甲基丙烯酸,用丙酮解吸后进样,经毛细管色谱柱分离,FID检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰高或峰面积定量。实验发现,硅胶管采样效率为100%,丙酮解吸效率为9292%,方法的加标回收率为893%-980%。样品在低温下可保存至少7天。甲基丙烯酸在0-80880μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数09995,方法的检出限为074μg/ml。采样45L,最低检出浓度为016mg/m3。研究表明,该方法操作简便,采样效率、准确度、精密度、解吸效率及样品稳定性均满足职业卫生标准制定指南要求,适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸浓度的测定。     

超临界直流电站锅炉水冷壁开裂原因分析及改进措施

本文介绍了超临界直流电站锅炉检验中发现的水冷壁开裂、变形,调风器鳍片烧损变形,集箱管接头角焊缝裂纹,刚性梁固定耳板处拉裂、变形等问题。对产生这些问题的原因进行了分析和研究,认为各水冷壁管子内水汽温度不均匀是造成拉裂、变形的主要原因。针对产生问题的原因,提出要预防此类问题发生就必须控制水冷壁超温和降低水冷壁各管子间温度差。并详细地论述了控制水冷壁超温和降低水冷壁各管子间温度差的八项具体改进措施。     

热力承压部件膨胀不畅引发的失效分析及防范

本文笔者根据积累的经验,并结合具体案例,分析了三类承压部件（锅炉水冷壁、汽水管道、联箱角焊缝）因膨胀不畅引发的失效特征和原因,并提出了相应的防范和整改措施。对火力发电厂承压部件防止膨胀拉裂引起的失效有一定的参考和借鉴意义。