Flammability estimation of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

Ionic liquids (ILs) are known as room temperature molten salts, which are considered green replacement to traditional organic solvents. The fire hazards of traditional organic solvents mainly depend on the combustibility of their vapors, thus ILs are generally regarded as nonflammable owing to their low volatility. However, recent studies show that ILs may combust due to the potential hazards of thermal decomposition, indicating the issue of fire and explosion of ILs are eager to be evaluated during the applications. In this study, the fire and explosion hazards of IL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C₆mim][NTf₂]) are explored in different aspects. The traditional definition of the flammability for the common organic solvent is not thoroughly applicable to [C₆mim][NTf₂] due to the low volatility. Furthermore, the common definition of reactivity for traditional organic solvents also fails to apply, because the decomposition reaction is indeed an endothermic reaction. However, the auto-ignition of some decomposition products will result in fire and explosion hazards for [C₆mim][NTf₂]. Therefore the application of such data in safety purposes should be very careful.     

Application of a three-dimensional eutrophication model for the Beijing Guanting Reservoir, China

The Beijing Guanting Reservoir (BGR) is located northwest of Beijing and has been an important water supply reservoir ever since the construction of a dam near the town of Guanting in 1954. As a result of excessive nutrients and organic carbon loadings from the drainage basin over the last several decades, the BGR suffers from eutrophication as well as other contamination problems and has not been used as a drinking water supply reservoir since 1997. As a management step to restore the reservoir's water quality, a numerical model was developed based on the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) framework. The model simulated three phytoplankton species based on the observed cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatom concentrations in 2004 for the Yongding arm of the reservoir, which is separated from the rest of the reservoir by a sand bar. The model was calibrated with vertical temperature profiles as well as the observed chlorophyll a and nutrients concentrations in the water column. The calibrated model was further applied to investigate management scenarios, which include reduction in external loadings of nutrients with constructed wetlands, biomanipulation, and transferring water from CeTian Reservoir. All three scenarios can reduce the peak chlorophyll a levels in the reservoir. The background nutrients were high, and reducing the external nutrients was effective only after a reduction in background nutrients after phytoplankton growth. The biomanipulation and water transfer scenarios could also delay the occurrence of the peak chlorophyll a. Because the model was developed based on one year of data, the model can only reveal the short-term effects of applying the management scenarios. Future studies will consider the long-term processes, such as diagenesis, when data are available to predict the long-term effects of the scenarios.     

天然含铁矿物对砷的吸附效果及机制

自然界中丰富的含铁矿物作为天然的铁氧化物,可作为一类修复材料用于砷污染水体和土壤稳定化修复.本文通过吸附-解吸附实验对比研究了天然赤铁矿、天然褐铁矿、天然菱铁矿、天然钛铁矿、天然磁铁矿、Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4及铁锰双金属材料(FMBO)对砷的吸附-解吸特性,结合光谱学手段研究其作用机制.吸附实验结果表明,9种含铁材料对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程,表明反应机制主要为单层化学吸附作用.其中,FMBO对As的吸附效率和吸附容量远高于其余材料,天然含铁矿物中褐铁矿对As吸附效果表现最好,对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附容量分别为3. 96 mg·g-1和2. 99 mg·g-1.光谱学手段表明天然褐铁矿中含有较为丰富的针铁矿等弱结晶态矿物成分,具有相对丰富的砷吸附位点,是一种具有潜在修复能力的天然材料.     

炔雌醇和壬基酚在土壤中的吸附-解吸特征

通过吸附动力学研究和批量平衡试验,以炔雌醇(EE2)和壬基酚(NP)为代表,考察内分泌干扰物在3种不同性质的天然土壤中的吸附-解吸特征.结果表明,双室一级动力学模型比单室一级动力学模型更适合描述EE2、NP在土壤中的动态吸附过程.快吸附过程在吸附初期占据主导地位,之后慢吸附室的相对贡献逐渐增大,直至达到吸附平衡.土壤对NP的吸附速率是EE2的2.0～4.7倍.Freundlich模型和DA模型均能较好地拟合EE2与NP的吸附等温线,但DA模型拟合效果更佳.饱和吸附容量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,EE2的饱和吸附容量(0.85～7.67μg·g-1)明显低于NP(10.47～110.15μg·g-1).吸附自由能计算表明,土壤对EE2和NP的吸附以物理作用为主.此外,3种受试土壤对EE2和NP的解吸附均存在滞后现象,需要预防其潜在的环境风险,其中有机质含量最高、比表面积最大的土样滞后性最明显.     

SoundPLAN在噪声预测中的技巧及存在的问题

本文介绍了SoundPLAN软件与《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》（HJ2．4—2009）预测模型的相符性,建模及计算过程。以某新建热电项目声环境影响评价为例,研究了SoundPLAN软件在火力发电声环境影响评价中的应用技巧,指出了软件使用过程中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了建议。     

沸石负载羟基氧化铁对铬（VI）吸附的固体浓度效应研究

本文利用沸石负载羟基氧化铁作吸附剂对六价铬进行吸附和解吸附实验。探讨了沸石负载羟基氧化铁对六价铬的吸附机制和固体浓度效应。实验结果表明：当吸附剂的用量从0.05g增加到0.2g时,在实验条件下,六价铬的吸附量从27999.493μg/g降低到8930.610μg/g,吸附剂对Cr6＋的吸附存在明显的固体浓度（Cs）效应。吸附滞后角随着Cs的增加而减小,吸附反应的可逆性增大。将实验数据分别用Languir和Freundlich吸附模型进行拟合,发现Freundlich吸附模型对实验数据拟合效果较好,表明该吸附反应以单分子层吸附为主。     

Benzene, toluene and xylenes levels in new and used vehicles of the same model

The aim of this work was to determine the level of benzene, toluene, o-xylene and m, p-xylene （BTX） in air samples collected from the cabins of new and used vehicles of the same model. Ten new vehicles were examined in order to check interior emission from materials used to equip the passenger compartment. In order to compare and define the impact of exhaust gases, air samples were also collected from two used cars, at different mileages （up to 20,000 kin）. All vehicles tested were of the same type. Samples were collected onto Carbograph 1TD sorbent, thermally desorbed and examined with the use of gas chromatography with flame ionisation and mass spectrometry detectors. All results obtained were referred to Polish and German requirements for indoor air quality （both in public buildings and in workspace environments）. Average benzene, toluene, o-xylene and m, p-xylene concentrations in new cars were determined at the level of 11.8 μg/m^3, 82.7 μg/m^3, 21.2 μg/m^3 and 89.5 μg/m^3, respectively. In the used cars, BTX concentration increased with increasing vehicle mileage. The most significant increase of BTX concentration was observed above 11,000 km mileage.     

Mercury removal using ground and calcined mussel shell

We determined mercury retention on calcined and ground mussel shell, in presence and absence of phosphate, using batch and stirred flow chamber experiments. In batch experiments the calcined shell exhibited higher Hg adsorption, with good fitting to Freundlich equation （R^2： 0.925-0.978）; the presence of phosphate increased Hg adsorption; mercury desorption was 13% or lower, diminishing up to 2% under the presence of phosphates. In stirred flow chamber experiments calcined shell retained more Hg than ground shells （6300 vs. 4000-5200 μmol/kg）; Hg retention increased an additional 40% on calcined shell and up to an additional 70% on ground shells when phosphates were present; mercury desorption was quite similar in all shell types （20%-34%）, increasing up to 49%-60% in ground shells when phosphates were present. The higher Hg adsorption on calcined shell would be related to its calcite and dolomite concentrations; mercury-phosphate interactions would cause the increase in Hg retention when phosphates are present. Data on Hg desorption suggest that Hg retention was not easily reversible after batch experiments, increasing in the stirred flow chamber due to convective flow. Calcined and ground mussel shells could be recycled removing Hg from water, with the presence of phosphates in solution improving efficacy.     

不同结构有机磷在(氢)氧化铝表面的吸附与解吸特征

研究了4种不同分子结构的有机磷[甘油磷酸(GP)、葡萄糖六磷酸(G6P)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和肌-肌醇六磷酸(植酸,IHP)]在无定形Al(OH)3、勃姆石和α-Al2O3等3种(氢)氧化铝表面的吸附解吸特征,并探讨了相关机制.结果表明,单位质量(氢)氧化铝对有机磷最大吸附量顺序为:无定形Al(OH)3>勃姆石>α-Al2O3,这与矿物的结晶度和表面异质性有关.除IHP在无定形Al(OH)3上的吸附外,有机磷在(氢)氧化铝表面的吸附密度随相对分子质量增大而减小:GP>G6P>ATP>IHP.而无定形Al(OH)3对最大分子尺寸的IHP吸附量却远大于其他有机磷,这是由于IHP表面络合物转化成了表面沉淀,大大促进了吸附.吸附动力学表明,有机磷吸附起始经历快速吸附阶段,极短时间内达到一定的吸附量,随后是一个较长时间的慢吸附过程,无定形Al(OH)3对有机磷的起始快速吸附密度最大,不同有机磷在铝氧化物表面的起始快速吸附密度与相对分子质量呈反比.KCl和柠檬酸对有机磷的解吸能力取决于磷化合物和勃姆石的表面亲和力.KCl初始解吸率大小顺序是:G6P(10.53%)>GP(6.91%)>ATP(3.06%)>IHP(0.8%).柠檬酸对有机磷的最大解吸率是KCl的4~5倍.KCl对磷的解吸过程经历了几个小时的快速解吸后达到最大解吸率,随后是慢速的扩散再吸附,解吸率反而逐渐下降.对IHP,除扩散再吸附外,表面沉淀也促进了再吸附.因此,有机磷与(氢)氧化铝界面发生较强的专性吸附反应,其分子结构和尺寸以及矿物的结晶度和晶体结构等是影响有机磷的界面反应和环境行为的重要因素.     

沙土不同粒级微团聚体可解吸态磷释放通量

流失的水土是污染物的重要载体,为了估算随水土流失的沙土中可解吸态磷对上覆水体的影响,采用平衡解吸法研究了沙土不同粒级微团聚体可解吸态磷的释放通量.结果表明,不同粒级沙土微团体吸附态磷的解吸比例为黏粒(0.21)＜粉粒(0.29)＜细砂(0.60)＜粗砂(0.96).主要原因有二:细粒级中腐殖质含量显著高于粗粒级;细粒级中有机质是通过可溶有机质与黏土矿物相互结合形成复合体而富集(黏粒和粉粒级微团聚体的稳结态腐殖质所占比例显著高于其它粒级).磷在稳结态和紧结态腐殖质所形成的团聚体结构中引起的团聚体结构不可逆形变是导致黏粒级(解吸比例Dr =0.21,解吸迟滞性指数TⅡ=0.47)和粉粒级(Dr=0.29,TⅡ=0.45)微团聚体磷的解吸比例降低,解吸迟滞性指数增大的根本原因.沙土黏粒和粉粒级微团聚体携载的可解吸态磷对上覆水体的释放通量可分别按(99.52±3.54) mg·kg-和(72.48±2.62) mg·kg-1进行估算.