固体吸附-热脱附/气相色谱-质谱法测定固定污染源废气中50种挥发性有机物

采用Tenax GR吸附-热脱附-气质联用法对固定污染源废气中50种挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行测定。结果显示,Tanax GR吸附管对于丙酮、环戊酮、2-庚酮、2-壬酮及六甲基二硅氧烷的吸附能力相对较差,但丙酮、环戊酮、2-庚酮、2-壬酮在2~30 ng范围内呈现良好的线性关系,且相关系数(R 2)>0.99,六甲基二硅氧烷在2~50 ng范围内呈现良好的线性关系,R^2=0.994,其他45种化合物在2~100 ng范围内呈现良好的线性关系,R^2>0.995。当采样体积为300 mL时,50种化合物的检出限为0.0003~0.0096 mg/m^3,测定下限为0.0011~0.0384 mg/m^3,相对标准偏差(RSD)<15.98%,加标回收率为78.15%~120.90%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、准确性好,能够满足固定污染源废气中痕量VOCs的快速检测。     

河流重金属随水-悬浮物-底泥迁移转化模型

详细分析重金属在河流中迁移转化过程,并根据质量守恒定律,建立河流重金属随水-悬浮物-底泥迁移转化耦合模型。分析表明:重金属在河流中迁移转化过程包括对流传质、分子扩散传质、吸附和解析传质、沉降和再悬浮传质;根据重金属传质过程及其在体积单元中的质量变化率,考虑河流的状态,建立了河流重金属随水-悬浮物-底泥迁移转化耦合稳态模型和紊动模型,在一定的边界条件和起始条件下,可实现模型的简化求解。     

脂肪磺酸基阳离子交换树脂对Cr~(3+)的吸附和解吸性能

研究了脂肪磺酸基阳离子交换树脂(简称树脂)对Cr3+的吸附和解吸性能。在溶液初始Cr3+质量浓度为250mg/L、吸附温度为25℃、溶液pH为5的条件下,树脂对Cr3+的吸附量最大。Cr3+质量浓度在实验范围内,等温吸附过程均符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,最大吸附量为18.6208mg/g。树脂对Cr3+的吸附在吸附时间为180min时趋于平衡,且吸附为液膜扩散控制。随吸附温度的升高(10～55℃),树脂对Cr3+的吸附量略有增加。用质量分数为5%的HCl溶液可将吸附在树脂上的Cr3+解吸,解吸率近100%,且重复5次吸附和解吸过程,树脂对Cr3+的吸附量基本保持不变。     

Release of hexachlorocyclohexanes from historically and freshly contaminated soils in China: implications for fate and regulation

Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were produced and used in large quantity worldwide and are common soil pollutants. In this study, desorption of α-HCH and γ-HCH from two soil samples collected from a historical pesticide plant in Tianjin, China, was examined. As a comparison, desorption of freshly sorbed γ-HCH was examined, using five typical Chinese soils. Strong resistant desorption was observed for both historically contaminated and freshly contaminated soils, and desorption results were well modeled with a biphasic desorption isotherm. The unique thermodynamic characteristics associated with the desorption-resistant fraction indicated that physical constraint within soil organic matrices was likely the predominant mechanism controlling resistant desorption. Resistant desorption could have significant effects on fate and exposure of HCHs in soil environment. More accurate biphasic desorption models that take into account of the resistant desorption can be used to facilitate regulating, management and remediation of HCH-contaminated sites.     

PAH desorption from river floodplain soils using supercritical fluid extraction

Sequential supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was performed in order to estimate desorption of PAHs from river floodplain soils which contain coal and coal-derived particles. Original soils, soils' light fractions (ρ < 2 g cm⁻³), and <63 μm fractions were studied for PAHs' desorption kinetics. Desorption data were successfully described using a two-site model. Desorption rate constants were one order of magnitude lower than those of “slow” and “very slow” desorption rates from other studies. This suggests very slow and extremely slow desorption. Estimated time scales releasing 99% of total extractable contaminants ranged from decades for 2-4-ring PAHs and hundreds of years for 5-6-ring PAHs. We demonstrate that, despite high soil PAH concentrations which are due to coal and coal-derived particles, the general environmental risk is reduced by the very slow and extremely slow desorption rates.     

有机污染场地土壤热解吸技术研究进展

文章在总结国内外研究的基础上,介绍热解吸技术原理、分类及典型旋转干燥热解吸系统,重点梳理热解吸技术运行参数(加热温度、停留时间和载气)、土壤性质(质地、粒径、含水率和有机质)和污染物性质(种类、浓度和形态)对热解吸效率影响的研究现状,评述热解吸技术强化措施(添加剂、联合其他技术)、动力学研究(常用模型、研究现状)、热解...     

普通窗玻璃热破裂行为研究

运用微裂纹和热应力理论,根据建立的火灾中窗玻璃传热模型,从理论和实验上,系统地探讨了窗玻璃热破裂机理及其主要影响因素,并建立了一种预测窗玻璃热破裂 时间的方法。     

人工湿地不同基质对氨氮的吸附特性研究

过量氮是引发水体富营养化的重要原因之一,氮的去除是控制水体富营养化的关键,其中人工湿地中基质对氨氮的去除是人工湿地处理污水的重要途径。通过基质氨氮吸附动力学、等温吸附以及基质饱和吸附后氨氮解吸实验,研究沸石、红泥、水洗砂、炉渣4种人工湿地基质净化氨氮的效果,评价其饱和吸附后氨氮解吸可能造成的二次污染风险及基质去除氨氮的主要途径。结果表明：4种基质对氨氮的吸附量顺序依次为沸石〉红泥〉炉渣〉水洗砂;沸石去除氨氮的途径以离子交换为主,物理吸附作用很小;炉渣的离子交换作用和物理吸附作用效果相当。从氨氮的解吸率来看,沸石的解吸率最小,红泥次之,炉渣和水洗砂的解吸率较大。综合评价,沸石更适合作为人工湿地污水去除氨氮的基质。     

Strategies for emission reduction from thermal power plants

Major polluters of man's environment are thermal power stations (TPS) and power plants, which discharge into the atmosphere the basic product of carbon fuel combustion, CO2, which results in a build-up of the greenhouse effect and global warm-up of our planet's climate. This paper is intended to show that the way to attain environmental safety of the TPS and to abide by the decisions of the Kyoto Protocol lies in raising the efficiency of the heat power stations and reducing their fuel consumption by using nonconventional thermal cycles. Certain equations have been derived to define the quantitative interrelationship between the growth of efficiency of the TPS, decrease in fuel consumption and reduction of discharge of dust, fuel combustion gases, and heat into the environment. New ideas and new technological approaches that result in raising the efficiency of the TPS are briefly covered: magneto-hydrodynamic resonance, the Kalina cycle, and utilizing the ambient heat by using, as the working medium, low-boiling substances.     

改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附和解吸

分别用长碳链季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵（HDTMAB）、短碳链季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂四甲铵化溴（TMAB）及非离子型表面活性剂聚乙二醇（PEG）对天然膨润土进行改性。比较了不同类型改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附性能,探讨了吸附机理。实验结果表明,天然膨润土及改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附能力依次为HDTMAB改性膨润土〉PEG改性膨润土〉TMAB改性膨润土〉天然膨润土;吸附等温线均是直线,说明该吸附行为是分配作用的结果。不同蒽初始质量浓度下,各种改性膨润土对蒽的吸附量由大至小的顺序为HDTMAB改性膨润土〉PEG改性膨润土〉TMAB改性膨润土,而天然膨润土对蒽的吸附量随蒽初始质量浓度的变化很小。改性膨润土加入量为30～80g/L时,各种改性膨润土对水中蒽的去除率均可达到90％以上,且解吸率均在5％以下。