水库流域生态补偿标准测算体系研究——以大伙房水库流域为例

生态补偿标准的测算是建立生态补偿机制的核心问题,也是难点所在。研究在对现有生态补偿标准计算方法进行总结分析的基础上,分别从供给方和需求方的角度探索建立了水库流域生态补偿标准测算体系。该体系对基于水库上游水源涵养区生态系统服务功能、生态保护建设总成本和基于下游用水城市意愿支付价格的补偿标准进行了比较分析,最终选择一个既能使水消费者承受得起,又能使生态保护者体会到有所回报的补偿金数额作为上下游协商确定补偿标准的依据。此体系较为全面地对补偿标准进行了测算,使得补偿标准更为公平、合理,进一步完善了水库流域生态补偿标准测算方法。并以大伙房水库流域为例,对其补偿标准进行测算,得出基于研究区生态系统服务功能的补偿标准为64661.3万元,基于研究区生态保护建设总成本的补偿标准为9221.4万元,基于下游用水城市意愿支付价格的补偿标准分别为8637.6万元、12956.4万元,最终认为10000万元是令补偿双方都比较容易接受的一个价格,可作为确定补偿标准的依据。     

基于移民调查的三峡库首地区人口、耕地资源及生态环境状况分析

对三峡库首地区秭归、兴山、巴东等县人口、耕地资源和农业生产力状况进行了统计,并选择库区典型乡镇移民户作为调查对象,点面结合地分析了移民安置对三峡库首地区人口、耕地资源和生态环境状况的影响。结果表明,移民搬迁过程中,库首地区各县乡镇总人口降低,蓄水影响到的移民户基本都得到了妥善安置,农村劳动力资源未明显下降;三峡工程蓄水后,库首地区低海拔区域的耕地被淹没,农村可用耕地总量减少,人地资源矛盾比较突出;在耕地总量和人均耕地面积降低情况下,秭归县粮食、柑橘和蔬菜种植面积和产量仍稳步提高,库区农业生产保持稳步发展;移民搬迁以后,库首地区农村的居住环境、住宅条件、生活条件和交通条件均较移民前有明显改善,农户普遍评价较好,淹水对农村生态环境状况有一定影响,存在自然灾害和病虫害增多、农村废弃物处理设施不足等问题,库区生态环境问题应引起政府的足够重视。     

Impulsive waves caused by subaerial landslides

This paper presents the experimental results of impulsive waves caused by subaerial landslides. A wide range of effective parameters are considered and studied by performing 120 laboratory tests. Considered slide masses are both rigid and deformable. The effects of bed slope angle, water depth, slide impact velocity, geometry, shape and deformation on impulse wave characteristics have been inspected. The impulse wave features such as amplitude, period and also energy conversation are studied. The effects of slide Froude number and deformation on energy conversation from slide into wave are also investigated. Based on laboratory measured data an empirical equation for impulse wave amplitude and period have been presented and successfully verified using available data of previous laboratory works.     

INTERACTIVE MULTIOBJECTIVE ANALYSIS EMBEDDING THE DECISION MAKER'S IMPLICIT PREFERENCE FUNCTION1

ABSTRACT: Two simple interactive techniques are developed and illustrated by means of two different real-life examples in Thailand. The first technique, Evolutionary Sequential Multiobjective Problem Solving (ESEMOPS), is an open-ended algorithm designed for planning problems with discrete alternatives. ESEMOPS helps the decision making group (DMG) develop progressively a preference function over the alternatives. The algorithm follows an evolutionary “breeding” strategy to generate a small set of good alternative solutions. This heuristic search, which does not guarantee that the adopted ‘satisfactum’ is an efficient solution leads to plausible results when applied to the planning of the Mae Khlong-Chao Phraya interbasin water transfer and irrigation system. The second algorithm, Search Beam Method (SBM) is essentially a series of one-dimensional searches for an efficient point along a “beam” passing through a goal point. Repeated search towards displayed goal points is leading to a set of quasi non-dominated solutions. SBM is illustrated by the Ubol Ratana reservoir control problem with the two conflicting objectives of energy generation and irrigation water supply. Neither ESEMOPS nor SBM require that weights, utilities, or pairwise tradeoffs be assessed. These features have been very much appreciated by a real DMG presented with the two techniques.     

油田废水中汞的测定──冷原子吸收法

冷原子吸收法测定油田废水中汞时，精密度、回收率较差，试验中采用JCG-Ⅰ型测汞仪进行了条件试验、精密度、准确度和最低检出限试验，结果说明在所选定的条件下方法是可行的。     

论水库移民的科学范畴

水库移民学是一门正在酝酿形成之中的新兴综合性学科。本文结合水库淹没处理的经验教训,分析了水库移民学的研究对象——水库移民的科学范畴,得出:水库移民是因兴建水库而产生的由淹没区和淹没影响区迁移到安置区的“人——自然——社会——经济系统”以及这个系统的动态演化过程。它具有系统性、动态演化性、被动性、主体性、补偿性、开发性、环境调适性和自行融合性等八个基本特征。     

NPS MODEL PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS FOR AN OFF-STREAM RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: Parameter uncertainties exert a significant effect on nonpoint source pollution (NPS) modeling results. A decision made on the basis of such results may thereby be inappropriate. In this work, the parameter uncertainty is analyzed to explore an improved modeling procedure. Drainage patterns generated from digital elevation data and rainfall are the major parameters examined. A case study for the watershed of the Posan off-stream reservoir is implemented. A significant spatial variation of NPS distribution simulated with a drainage pattern generated from varied methods is observed. The effects of rainfall randomness on the spatial loading distribution are assessed and computed based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed procedure is capable of improving the quality of modeling results and the decision for an appropriate control strategy.     

三峡库区奉节县土地承载力与移民安置

人口环境容量的研究是提高移民安置工作科学性的基础，通过对四川奉节县人口及土地资源调查数据的分析，考察了三峡水库淹没对库区人口环境容量的缩减；对库区不同区域，不同类型的土地对人口的承载能力进行定量分析；研究了移民安置与环境容量的关系；探讨了通过大农业和通过城镇化、非农化等方式安置农村移民的对策。     

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE USE OF STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: A stochastic dynamic programming model is applied to a small hydroelectric system. The variation in number of stage iterations and the computer time required to reach steady state conditions with changes in the number of storage states is investigated. The increase in computer time required to develop the storage probability distributions with increase in the number of storage states is reviewed. It is found that for an average of seven inflow states, the largest number of storage states for which it is computationally feasible to develop the storage probability distributions is nine. It is shown that use of the dynamic program results based on a small number of storage states results in unrealistically skewed storage probability distributions. These skewed distributions are attributed to “trapping” states at the low end of the storage range.     

涔天河水库灌区土壤资源特点及其合理利用

对涔天河水库灌区土壤资源现状，特点进行了调查研究，对土壤资源利用中存在的问题进行了剖析，并提出了合理利用土地资源，提高土壤生产力的措施。